Fig. 6: Arrhythmia classification by the biosensing system with MNDA analysis.

a–c Two-dimensional phase space reconstruction of a the control group, b the two-peak arrhythmia group, and c the three-peak arrhythmia group. The two-peak and three-peak arrhythmias were both induced by the 0.2 μM sertindole treatment. d–f Statistical comparisons of the shape features of the reconstructed plotting among the control group, the two-peak arrhythmia group, and the three-peak arrhythmia group. The shape features include d length, e width, and f area of the reconstructed plot. g–i Two-dimensional phase space reconstruction of g the control group, h the 80 nM NE-treated arrhythmia group, and i the 400 nM NE-treated arrhythmia group. j–l Statistical comparisons of the shape features of the reconstructed plot among the control group, the 80 nM NE-treated arrhythmia group, and the 400 nM NE-treated arrhythmia group. The shape features include j length, k width, and l area of the reconstructed plot. n Two-dimensional phase space reconstructions of all types of cardiomyocyte beating recordings, including the control group (green), the two-peak arrhythmia group (red), the three-peak arrhythmia group (blue), the 80 nM NE-treated arrhythmia group (orange), and the 400 nM NE-treated arrhythmia group (purple), in one graph. The two-peak and three-peak arrhythmias were both induced by the 0.2 μM sertindole treatment. m The PCA clustering of the MNDA reconstructed plots of the control group, the two-peak arrhythmia group, the three-peak arrhythmia group, the 80 nM NE-treated arrhythmia group, and the 400 nM NE-treated arrhythmia group. Error bars are S.D. and significant differences were performed by t test, n = 10 recordings for each group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s. not significant