Table 1 Comparison with state-of-the-art thin-film loudspeakers

From: A versatile acoustically active surface based on piezoelectric microstructures

Design

Material

Active area (cm2)

Distance (cm)

Voltage (Vrms)

SPL @ 1 kHz (dB SPL)

Sensitivity (mPa/V cm2)

Bandwidth (kHz)

This work

PVDF

9 × 9

30

7.07

61

0.039

>100

Ref. 17

PVDF

21 × 30

100

20

70

0.017

7

Ref. 19

P(VDF-TrFE)

10 × 6

5

35.4

63

0.0022

13

Ref. 20

P(VDF-TrFE)

10 × 6

100

17.7

55

0.035

8

Ref. 22

PZT/GNP

20 × 17

30

135

72

0.0017

>20

Ref. 23

COC

12 × 12

100

70.7

55

0.0037

>20

Ref. 24

COP

15 × 15

50

56.5

18

0.000021

>20

Ref. 25

EAP

π × (10/2)2

100

283

75

0.017

1

  1. For sensitivity comparison, the reported SPLs at 1 kHz are converted into acoustic pressure under a 1 Vrms drive voltage for loudspeakers of unit area (1 cm2) at 30 cm away. The normalization is conducted assuming a far-field response of linear loudspeakers, i.e., acoustic pressure proportional to (active area × voltage)/distance. The bandwidths are estimated from the roll-off trend of the reported frequency responses of these devices.
  2. PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride, [P(VDF-TrFE)] poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene), COC cyclic-olefin copolymers, COP cyclic-olefin polymers, PZT lead zirconate titanate, GNP graphene nanoplatelets, EAP elastomer electroactive polymer.
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