Fig. 2: DLD pillar array design variations with pillar gap, size, and shape.

a Comparison of the rotated square array and parallelogram array. b Adjusted pillar gaps of a DLD array63. c Triangular array for microalgae enrichment and purification72. d I-shaped, T-shaped, and L-shaped rotation-induced DLD separation15. e Notched DLD pillar array, which is able to induce shear stress, to sort and enrich retinal stem cells (RSCs)77. f Pillar topology variation. New boundaries emerge in a pillar68. g Size-selective sieve lattice structure with main channels and side channels81. h Simplified sieve-based DLD system82.