Fig. 4: Evaluation of the performance of the flexible device as a loudspeaker. | Microsystems & Nanoengineering

Fig. 4: Evaluation of the performance of the flexible device as a loudspeaker.

From: Flexible multifunctional platform based on piezoelectric acoustics for human–machine interaction and environmental perception

Fig. 4: Evaluation of the performance of the flexible device as a loudspeaker.

a Experimental setup for the measurement of the SPL generated by the flexible loudspeaker at a distance of 5 cm. b The experimental and simulated SPLs of the flexible loudspeaker as well as the background noise in the frequency band <20 kHz. c The THD of a flexible loudspeaker in the frequency band from 1 to 10 kHz, demonstrating an average THD of ~1.41%, which outperforms other similar works. d and e The sound pressure generated as a function of excitation voltage, which shows high linearity. f The SPL directivity with excitation frequencies of 1, 5, and 15 kHz, demonstrating similar performance in all directions with standard deviations of ~4 dB. g Time stability evaluated by the difference between the SPL measured after working for 10 min and the initial state. h After normalizing the effect of device area, excitation voltage and measurement distance, the proposed flexible loudspeaker is compared with other similar studies reported in the literature

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