Fig. 3: Characterization and performance validation.

a SEM image of the actuator with footprint of 4 × 2 mm bent upwards upon the application of actuation voltage 46 V). b Shows the ability of device in lifting the end of a bar that is supported on a fulcrum with 46 V actuation voltage. c, d SEM image of 2 × 1 mm device before and after actuation