Fig. 3: Schematic of the measurement setup.

In phase-locked loop mode, the lock-in's internal oscillator was used to excite the piezo, resulting in SMR vibration. The vibrometer decoder translates the optical signal received by the scanning head into an electrical signal proportional to the cantilever velocity. A personal computer (PC) was used to control and read the data from the lock-in amplifier and the vibrometer