Table 1 Key analytes in sweat and associated health conditions

Electrolytes

Na⁺

Dehydration, hyponatremia, electrolyte imbalance

^{40,41,42,43,45,47}

Cl^-

Dehydration, cystic fibrosis

^17,50,51

K⁺

Hypokalemia, muscle cramps

^52,53

Ca²⁺

Myeloma, cirrhosis, renal failure, acid–base balance disorder

⁵⁴

NH⁴⁺

Shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolic conditions

^9,41,55

PH

Pathogenesis of skin diseases, wound healing

^30,38,43,143

Metabolites

Glucose

Diabetes

^17,33,52,103

Lactate

Shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolic conditions

^7,11,58,37

Alcohol

Inebriation

^16,76,77

Uric acid

Renal dysfunction, gout

^61,144

Drugs

Caffeine

Coronary syndrome, hypertension, Depression

^63,145

Levodopa

Parkinson’s disease

^64,89

Trace metals

Zn²⁺

Stress and immune system-induced muscle damage

^44,66,67

Cu²⁺

Rheumatoid arthritis, Wilson’s disease, cirrhosis of the liver

^44,66,68

Other analytes (hormones, cytokines, proteins, etc.)

Interleukin 6

Insulin activity, immune responses in cancer therapy

^69,70,145

Cortisol

Stress

^59,69,72,73

Tyrosine

Metabolic disorders, tyrosinemia

⁷⁴

Neuropeptide Y

Stress

^30,75