Fig. 3: Elemental mappings of C, F, and Si elements in Sample 2, Sample 3, and Sample 4, respectively.

a Energy spectrum of Sample 2. The light and dark spots show that the hydrophobic silica nanoparticles are unevenly distributed on the surfaces of the nanowires and LiNbO3 substrate. b The outline of the ZnO NWs in Sample 3 is not clear, which shows that the silica nanoparticles do not fully cover the ZnO NWs surface. c The outline of the ZnO NWs in Sample 4 is clear, which indicates that hydrophobic silica nanoparticles are evenly distributed on the surface of the ZnO NW-coated LiNbO3 substrate. d XPS survey spectra of Sample 1 and Sample 4. e Core level region of the C(1 s) spectrum with corresponding deconvolution peaks for Sample 4. f–i WCA images of Sample 1 (S1), Sample 2 (S2), Sample 3 (S3), and Sample 4 (S4)