Fig. 1

Reaction principles of the six biomarkers in sweat. a Glucose, lactate and uric acid sensors respond to the oxidase/HRP cascade reaction. b Color change of the glucose, lactate and uric acid sensors at different concentrations. c pH sensor using a pH indicator (bromophenol blue as an example). d Magnesium ion sensor based on EBT. e Schematic diagram of the MIP-based cortisol sensing sensor