Fig. 2: Nonmicrofluidic and microfluidic platforms for measuring cardiomyocyte contractility.
From: Microfluidic platforms for monitoring cardiomyocyte electromechanical activity
a Force mapping method based on a “light nanoantenna” array with the piezo-phototronic effect. Reproduced with permission from ref.41. b Micropost arrays for characterizing the contractile force, velocity, and power produced. Cell contractility was analyzed using microscopy with a high-speed camera. Reproduced with permission from ref.33. c Magnetic hydrogel-based strain sensors for wireless-passive monitoring. The contraction and relaxation of cardiomyocytes on the hydrogel were evaluated via magnetic field detection. Reproduced with permission from ref.48. d Working principle and photograph of the Ag/CNT-PDMS sensor. Cardiomyocyte beating results in changes in resistance between nanocracks. Reproduced with permission from ref.40. e Fluorescence imaging and contractile stress analysis of 3D cardiac tissues. The GelMA hydrogel was used for cell encapsulation, and the PAm hydrogels in the top and bottom layers were used as “stress sensors” for quantifying the contractile stresses generated by the encapsulated cardiomyocytes. Reproduced with permission from ref.55. f Outline of the microfluidic device with a schematic and picture of the channels used to monitor the beating frequency of cardiac bodies (CBs) via video imaging. Reproduced with permission from ref.57. g MTF chip and assembly of a microfluidic device for the measurement of contractile stresses. Reproduced with permission from ref.54. h Working principle and quantitative performance of the graphene hybrid anisotropic structural color film capable of reflecting cardiomyocyte behavior. Reproduced with permission from ref.61. i A heart-on-a-chip microdevice (HMD) for visualizing the kinetics of cardiac microtissue pulsations by monitoring particle displacement. Reproduced with permission from ref.70
