Fig. 3: Microfluidic platforms for monitoring electrophysiological signals.

a Microfluidic device integrated with electrical stimulation for measuring field potentials and distinguishing excitable cells from electrically non-excitable cells. Reproduced with permission from ref.¹⁰¹. b Photograph and schematic of the organ-on-a-chip integrating both MEAs and TEER measurements. Dynamic detection of vascular permeability and cardiac function under the inflammatory stimulus tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) or the cardiac-targeting drug isoproterenol. Reproduced with permission from ref.⁹⁸. c Multielectrode array decorated with 3D hollow nanotubes integrated with microfluidic channels for electrical recording and drug delivery. Reproduced with permission from ref.⁹³. d Heart-on-a-chip for the long-term dynamic culture of cardiomyocytes and field potential recording with Au electrodes. Reproduced with permission from ref.¹⁰². e High-content drug screening (10 types of drugs, each with 5 concentrations to be assayed simultaneously) using high-resolution Ca²⁺ imaging. Reproduced with permission from ref.⁹⁰. f Laminar cardiac tissues formed through topographical cues and integration with commercial MEAs in a microfluidic device. Reproduced with permission from ref.⁹⁷. g Microfluidic device for action potential recording, where cell ionic currents are transduced into mirror charges. It detects the effects of nifedipine recorded as MAPs (mirror action potentials). Reproduced with permission from ref.⁹¹