Fig. 3: Microfluidic iontophoresis: structure and mechanism.

a Fabrication processes of four-channel microfluidic iontophoresis with cross-section U-shape geometry in a dimension of 3 mm × 3 mm × 10 mm (the membrane/PDMS microfluidics are fabricated using step A, while the thin-film electrode/adhesive/porous membrane are fabricated using step B, see Figs. 1 and S1 for details); b, c Mechanism of the device for drug delivery: cross-sectional view