Fig. 3

SDFAST chips working principle. a A schematic diagram demonstrating the working principle of the device. The red color represents bacteria, and the green color represents antibiotics. The parts in the purple frame are enlarged to show the details of each step, and photos of the color dye patterns in each step are shown. The 3D models were built using Blender 4.1. b An example of SDFAST results from mixing Ciprofloxacin (CIP) with A. baumannii, using WST-8 assay. An abrupt change in color intensity (from colorless to orange) was observed at the 5th nanowell, indicating the MIC. c Photo of the color pattern of the WST-8 assay