Fig. 4: Multiplexed dose treatment on various bacteria.

a Viability of S. aureus, MRSA, P. aeruginosa, and MDRPA following CAP treatment. Samples were prepared by diluting the original bacteria culture media in PBS to form a 10⁶ CFU/mL suspension. 100 µL of sample was transferred to glass receptacles and treated with CAP for 1 min at an input power of 70 W within the dose iii circle. b Remaining colony-forming units of the bacteria post-CAP treatment. c Viability and remaining colony forming units of S. aureus after CAP treatment. S. aureus suspension (10⁶ CFU/mL) were simultaneously loaded into the three dose circles and subjected to CAP treatment for 1 min at an input power of 70 W. d Viability of S. aureus biofilm following CAP treatment. A 100 µL sample of S. aureus suspension (10⁸ CFU/mL) was placed in the dose iii circle and exposed to CAP for 1, 3, and 5 min at an input power of 70 W. Treated samples were incubated for 48 h and stained with crystal violate to assess biofilm growth. e SEM image of S. aureus biofilm. A 100 µL S. aureus suspension (10⁸ CFU/mL) was incubated on the coverslips for 24 h to form the biofilm. The biofilm was then treated with CAP for 1 min at an input power of 70 W within the dose iii circle. f Lived-dead assay of S. aureus biofilm pose-plasma treatment. A 100 µL S. aureus suspension (10⁸ CFU/mL) was incubated in glass receptacles for 24 h to form the biofilm. The biofilm was exposed to CAP for 5 min at an input power of 70 W within the dose iii circle. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Experiments were conducted in triplicate and repeated two or three times. Statistical significance was determined using either one-way ANOVA test or t test for multiple comparisons. ****P < 0.0001