Table 1 Clinical details of patients

Patient	Method	Eye	Age	Disease type	Puncture time (min)	Injection time (min)	Injection volume (ml)	Blood displaced	PRVA (LogMAR)	POVA (LogMAR)
R1	Robot	Left	65	PCV	11.00	5.26	0.20	Yes	2.30	1.00
R2	Robot	Right	60	PCV	5.90	2.51	0.25	Yes	2.60	0.82
R3	Robot	Left	76	PCV	5.23	3.51	0.10	Yes	2.30	0.70
R4	Robot	Right	53	PCV	3.86	6.91	0.15	Yes	0.51	0.30
R5	Robot	Left	63	RAM	3.60	2.45	0.05	Yes	0.82	0.40
M1	Manual	Left	67	PCV	0.33	0.95	0.15	Yes	2.30	1.00
M2	Manual	Left	71	PCV	0.13	0.50	0.10	Yes	1.00	0.22
M3	Manual	Right	71	PCV	0.28	4.28	0.15	Yes	2.00	1.85
M4	Manual	Left	66	PCV	0.23	2.93	0.15	Yes	0.60	0.22
M5	Manual	Right	44	PCV	0.48	2.7	0.15	Yes	1.30	0.52

LogMAR (Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution) is a standardized unit used to measure visual acuity, commonly applied in the field of ophthalmology. It provides a way to quantify vision by logarithmically converting the results of visual tests, particularly used to describe visual sensitivity during eye examinations. Smaller LogMAR values indicate better vision, while larger LogMAR values correspond to poorer vision. PRVA: Pre-operative visual acuity, POVA: Post-operative visual acuity. Post-operative visual acuity was defined as corrected visual acuity at two months after surgery

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