Fig. 1: Evolution and applications of silica-based nanobiomaterials (SNs) based on the most cited publications from 2012 to 202573,86,110,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126.
From: Data-driven visualization of silica-based nanobiomaterial dynamics for tissue regeneration
The development is divided into three phases: Phase 1 (2012–2013): Focused on in vitro evaluation of the physicochemical and biological properties of SNs. Studies examined how incorporating SNs influenced scaffold properties, including mechanical strength, degradation rate, swelling behavior, protein adsorption, and cytocompatibility118,119; Phase 2 (2014–2018): Emphasized the multi-functionalization of SNs and their repair effects in in vivo models. Strategies such as drug and growth factor loading, metal ion doping, and functional group modification enabled SNs to promote cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, tissue adhesion, and antimicrobial activity110,120,121,122,123. A landmark study by Bari, Alessandra in 2017 explored mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNPs) as multifunctional agents for bone regeneration110; Phase 3 (2019–2025): Advances in sequential therapy and clinical translation of SNs. Recent designs focus on mimicking natural bone healing processes and implementing sequential drug release strategies73,126. SNs’ injectability, temperature sensitivity, and ability to function without growth factors or cells enhance their cost-effectiveness and ease of clinical use, accelerating their translation into clinical applications86,124
