Fig. 4: In vivo performance characterization of the VCMGS in diabetic rats.
From: Vertical graphene-coated core-shell microneedle as miniatured sensor for in vivo glucose monitoring
a Schematic diagram showing the in vivo experiment of VCMGS in rat models. The VCMGS penetrated the dorsal skin of the rat and contact with the ISF, where a potential was applied to gather amperometric signals for real-time and continuous glucose monitoring. b Timeline of the 3 h-detection experiment in 3 days for diabetic and healthy rats. N = 3 rats per group. c, d Time-dependent glucose concentration profiles in ISF of diabetic rats recorded by the VCMGS, with corresponding Clarke error grid analysis. Red dots indicated experimental data, blue asterisks represented calibration points, dark green dots denoted reference values measured by commercial devices, and the light green zone marked the normal glycemic range in healthy individuals
