Fig. 4: Charging/discharging characteristics.
a Galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) curves of supercapacitors with the PNaS SSEs under the stepwise increase of applied current density (JAPP) for charging (10 s each) and the natural discharging (JAPP = 0 mA/g). b The influence of SHMP molar ratio on the device potentials according to the varied JAPP: (top) maximum potential charged for 10 s (PC,10s), (middle-top) potential drop by electrostatic discharge (PESD), (middle-bottom) net maximum potential (nPC,10s) after subtracting PESD from PC,10s, (bottom) potential retained after discharging for 10 s after finishing charging step (PD,10s). c Long-term discharge behavior for the three representative SHMP molar ratios (natural discharge for 1000 s at JAPP = 0 mA/g after charging for 10 s at JAPP = 0.18 mA/g). d GCD curves under forced charge/discharge conditions by limiting the maximum potential to 2.0 V (charging at JAPP = +0.18 mA/g; discharging at JAPP = -0.18 mA/g). e Energy density (ED) as a function of SHMP molar ratio (see Supplementary Fig. 9 for the whole JAPP condition)
