Fig. 1

Conceptual illustrations of the multimodal neural probe. a In vivo experimental schematic with a packaged neural probe and the peripheral optical, electrophysiological recording, and fluidic subsystems. b Illustration of the neural probe operation. Beams are delivered from the optical emitters for targeted photostimulation, while fluid is injected via the embedded microfluidic channel. Microelectrodes distributed near the emitters and the microfluidic outlet detect changes in neural activity arising from the optical/chemical stimulation (not to scale). BioRender.com was used to generate the figures