Fig. 6

In vivo demonstration of full multifunctional neural probe operation, including seizure induction via microfluidic 4-AP injection, photostimulation for local seizure suppression, and electrophysiological monitoring. a (Left) Probe shank schematic with electrodes (1–18) and selected emitters (A–F) labeled; electrode 2 was found to be non-functional during the experiment. (Right) LFP traces from 17 electrodes following the onset of seizure. The recording window spans a 10-s continuous-wave (CW) photostimulation pulse in addition to periods before and after, showing reduced LFP amplitudes with light delivery. Photostimulation parameters: Emitter F, ≈3.6 μW emission power, 10 s optical pulse. The displayed LFP traces were processed with common average referencing and bandpass filtering (5–300 Hz). b Magnified sections of the LFP traces in (a); before (green), during (blue), and after (magenta) photostimulation. c Heatmap of seizure suppression ratios (SRs) over a single photostimulation pattern; one pulse delivered in sequence from each of the selected emitters, recordings and SR calculations from each of the 17 electrodes. SR > 0 indicates suppressed seizure activity during the CW pulse. d Neural activity power calculated from LFP signals before, during, and after the optical pulse (n = 102); each data point corresponds to an electrode and selected emitter. A one-tailed non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was applied, with *** denoting statistical significance with p < 0.001. The error bars denote SDs. e Fractions of positive suppression ratios (FPSRs) during the CW photostimulation from all trials in the 5 animal experiments (n = 21)