Fig. 2: Vascular Alterations Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). | Molecular Psychiatry

Fig. 2: Vascular Alterations Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

From: Reviewing vascular influences on neuronal migration, cortical development, and neurodevelopmental disorders: focus on autism, ADHD and schizophrenia

Fig. 2: Vascular Alterations Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

An aberrant angiogenesis pattern is observed in ASD. Abnormal CBF is reported in both ASD and ADHD. BBB is reported to be compromised in both conditions, as identified by the lower expression of Claudin-3, -5, and -12 in ASD. In contrast, ADHD demonstrates changes with Claudin-5, occludin, ZO1, and tricellulin. Elevated levels of the inflammatory marker MMP9 are involved in both ASD and ADHD, while MMP2 is unique to ADHD. Additionally, genetic changes in 16p11.2 and SLC7A5 contribute to vascular pathology in ASD.

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