Fig. 1: Flowchart of the data analysis.

a Calculation of the functional networks and FCS values for 1203 healthy participants and 197 participants with subthreshold depression. b Estimation of sex-specific normative models of FCS for each brain region via Gaussian process regression trained on the healthy group (females, red dots; males, blue dots). The solid line represents the predicted FCS values from the normative model. 10-fold cross-validation was performed to assess the generalizability of the models. c Characterization of FCS deviation for each brain region in participants with subthreshold depression (females, red triangles; males, blue triangles) on the basis of the normative models. d Identification of StD subtypes on the basis of individual FCS deviation patterns and characterization of their differences. FCS functional connectivity strength, F female, M male, StD subthreshold depression.