Table 4 Peak time (pt) and value (pv)

From: Comparing olive oil and C4-dietary oil, a prodrug for the GPR119 agonist, 2-oleoyl glycerol, less energy intake of the latter is needed to stimulate incretin hormone secretion in overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes

 

Olive oil (a)

C4-Dietary oil (b)

Carrot (c)

P value

GLP-1 pt

55.38 ± 8.04

57.31 ± 5.68

38.08 ± 11.98

0.27

GLP-1 pv

20.77 ± 1.86

18.77 ± 1.59

13.69 ± 1.33

0.012a>c

GIP pt

62.31 ± 5.30

56.92 ± 7.17

43.85 ± 7.08

0.15

GIP pv

68.85 ± 9.24

38.92 ± 7.10

19.54 ± 2.46

 < 0.0001a>b>c

PYY pt

56.92 ± 11.79

97.31 ± 13.05

40.38 ± 9.24

0.0061b>c

PYY pv

93.77 ± 10.77

82.92 ± 12.45

79.08 ± 9.72

0.59

Glucose pt

54.23 ± 8.49

63.08 ± 10.93

49.62 ± 6.06

0.61

Glucose pv

9.89 ± 1.05

10.28 ± 1.13

10.84 ± 1.22

0.0090a>c

C-peptide pt

76.92 ± 7.44

85.77 ± 10.54

77.69 ± 10.49

0.51

C-peptide pv

1,918 ± 134.1

1,867 ± 154.0

1,883 ± 152.6

0.86

Insulin pt

60.77 ± 6.09

55.38 ± 5.90

42.31 ± 9.75

0.16

Insulin pv

246.6 ± 20.17

234.2 ± 24.68

232.7 ± 24.14

0.76

Glucagon pt

25.38 ± 4.62

36.92 ± 5.68

22.31 ± 3.03

0.12

Glucagon pv

17.08 ± 2.01

18.31 ± 2.60

16.62 ± 2.07

0.19

CCK pt

55.77 ± 14.38

36.15 ± 6.15

25.77 ± 5.48

0.096

CCK pv

2.71 ± 0.36

2.73 ± 0.40

1.37 ± 0.16

0.0040a+b>c

Triglycerides pt

154.6 ± 9.52

110.8 ± 21.32

71.54 ± 17.50

0.0093a>c

Triglycerides pv

1.54 ± 0.23

1.37 ± 0.16

1.27 ± 0.18

0.19

Acetaminophen pt

44.23 ± 12.30

43.85 ± 10.27

38.08 ± 5.98

0.69

Acetaminophen pv

0.11 ± 0.01

0.12 ± 0.01

0.13 ± 0.01

0.681

  1. Data are mean values ± SEM. All peak times in minutes, all peak values in pM except triglycerides and glucose in mM and acetaminophen in µM. P values are calculated using repeated measurement ANOVA. P-values ≤0.05 are considered statistically significant. Statistical significant difference between the three treatments is shown using the letters a, b and c, referring to the treatments
  2. CCK cholecystokinin, GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (intact), GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 (total), iAUC incremental area under curve, PYY peptide YY, tAUC total area under curve