Table 2 Prospective associations between diet group and diabetes by different subgroups

From: Vegetarian diets and risk of hospitalisation or death with diabetes in British adults: results from the EPIC-Oxford study

 

Hazard ratiosa, 95% CI for subgroups

P valueb

Sex

Men

Women

 

P = 0.11

  N Cases/non-cases

405/10,332

819/33,758

  

  Regular meat eaters

Ref

Ref

  

  Low meat eaters

0.93 (0.69, 1.25)

0.74 (0.60, 0.90)

  

  Fish eaters

0.82 (0.54, 1.23)

0.58 (0.44, 0.76)

  

  Vegetarians

0.83 (0.61, 1.11)

0.94 (0.77, 1.14)

  

  P-heterogeneityc

0.57

0.002

  

Age at recruitment

< 35 Years

35–49 Years

≥ 50 Years

P = 0.50

  N Cases/non-cases

87/12,472

340/16,889

797/14,729

 

  Regular meat eaters

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

  Low meat eaters

0.93 (0.43, 2.03)

0.82 (0.57, 1.16)

0.75 (0.62, 0.92)

 

  Fish eaters

0.65 (0.30, 1.42)

0.73 (0.48, 1.10)

0.64 (0.48, 0.86)

 

  Vegetarians

1.05 (0.61, 1.81)

1.16 (0.88, 1.52)

0.75 (0.60, 0.95)

 

  P-heterogeneityc

0.60

0.08

<0.001

 

Body mass index

<25 kg/m2

≥25 to <30 kg/m2

≥30 kg/m2

P = 0.05

  N Cases/non-cases

367/32,657

482/9272

375/2161

 

  Regular meat eaters

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

  Low meat eaters

0.67 (0.49, 0.90)

0.84 (0.65, 1.08)

0.75 (0.54, 1.06)

 

  Fish eaters

0.56 (0.39, 0.80)

0.54 (0.37, 0.80)

0.88 (0.57,1.36)

 

  Vegetarians

0.68 (0.51, 0.89)

0.87 (0.67, 1.14)

1.13 (0.84, 1.52)

 

  P-heterogeneityc

0.001

0.02

0.20

 

Smoking status

Never

Former

Current

P = 0.12

  N Cases/non-cases

640/26,754

423/12,439

161/4,897

 

  Regular meat eaters

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

  Low meat eaters

0.70 (0.55, 0.88)

0.98 (0.75, 1.29)

0.65 (0.38, 1.12)

 

  Fish eaters

0.68 (0.50, 0.92)

0.68 (0.46, 1.00)

0.43 (0.18, 1.03)

 

  Vegetarians

0.88 (0.71, 1.10)

0.88 (0.66, 1.16)

0.84 (0.50, 1.42)

 

  P-heterogeneityc

0.005

0.23

0.15

 

Education level

Age 16

Age 18

Degree

P = 0.41

  N Cases/non-cases

600/14,864

  250/10,330

253/16,216

 

  Regular meat eaters

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

  Low meat eaters

0.93 (0.74, 1.17)

0.53 (0.35, 0.80)

0.64 (0.44, 0.95)

 

  Fish eaters

0.61 (0.43, 0.87)

0.62 (0.38, 1.03)

0.66 (0.44, 1.01)

 

  Vegetarians

0.92 (0.72, 1.18)

0.87 (0.62, 1.23)

0.79 (0.57, 1.09)

 

  P-heterogeneityc

0.06

0.02

0.07

 
  1. aCox regression analysis stratified by sex, method of recruitment, region of residence, and adjusted for age, education, Townsend deprivation index, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity and body mass index
  2. bRepresents test for statistical significance of interaction across strata using likelihood ratio tests
  3. cRepresents significance of heterogeneity in risk between diet groups using Wald tests
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