Table 2 Hormone and substrate levels during the isoglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamp studies
Time (min) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Group | Time point | Basal period | Low- insulin period (20 mU/m2/min) | High- insulin period (40 mU/m2/min) | |||||||||
120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 270 | 280 | 290 | 300 | 420 | 430 | 440 | 450 | |||
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | SED | Pre | 131 ± 21 | 131 ± 21 | 131 ± 21 | 131 ± 22 | 129 ± 21 | 130 ± 21 | 129 ± 21 | 130 ± 21 | 131 ± 22 | 131 ± 22 | 132 ± 22 | 131 ± 21 |
Post | 140 ± 22 | 141 ± 22 | 139 ± 22 | 138 ± 22 | 144 ± 24 | 143 ± 23 | 142 ± 23 | 141 ± 23 | 145 ± 27 | 144 ± 27 | 144 ± 27 | 142 ± 26 | ||
AEX | Pre | 168 ± 11 | 169 ± 11 | 167 ± 11 | 170 ± 12 | 164 ± 11 | 164 ± 10 | 164 ± 9 | 162 ± 9 | 158 ± 12 | 163 ± 13 | 161 ± 12 | 162 ± 12 | |
Post | 167 ± 8 | 163 ± 9 | 163 ± 9 | 164 ± 9 | 165 ± 8 | 165 ± 8 | 166 ± 7 | 166 ± 7 | 162 ± 11 | 162 ± 9 | 162 ± 9 | 159 ± 10 | ||
Plasma insulin (µU/mL) | SED | Pre | 26 ± 5 | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | 51 ± 4 | 52 ± 4 | 52 ± 5 | 54 ± 5 | 91 ± 10 | 93 ± 11 | 98 ± 11 | 96 ± 10 |
Post | 23 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 4 | 49 ± 8 | 48 ± 7 | 49 ± 5 | 49 ± 7 | 84 ± 9 | 89 ± 11 | 86 ± 11 | 91 ± 11 | ||
AEX | Pre | 21 ± 4 | 21 ± 3 | 21 ± 3 | 20 ± 3 | 47 ± 6 | 44 ± 6 | 46 ± 6 | 47 ± 6 | 85 ± 18 | 89 ± 18 | 95 ± 18 | 96 ± 20 | |
Post | 28 ± 6 | 27 ± 5 | 27 ± 5 | 27 ± 5 | 58 ± 10 | 57 ± 7* | 59 ± 9* | 56 ± 9* | 79 ± 6 | 82 ± 7 | 82 ± 6 | 84 ± 7 | ||
Plasma C-peptide (ng/mL) | SED | Pre | 3.3 ± 0.3 | – | – | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | – | – | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.5 |
Post | 2.8 ± 0.2 | – | – | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | – | – | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.2 | ||
AEX | Pre | 3.1 ± 0.4 | – | – | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | – | – | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | – | – | 2.3 ± 0.4 | |
Post | 3.0 ± 0.4 | – | – | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | – | – | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | – | – | 2.3 ± 0.5 | ||
Plasma glucagon (pg/mL) | SED | Pre | 67 ± 8 | – | – | 74 ± 12 | 61 ± 9 | – | – | 58 ± 4 | 41 ± 1 | – | – | 46 ± 4 |
Post | 46 ± 4* | – | – | 46 ± 4* | 37 ± 2* | – | – | 35 ± 4* | 27 ± 4 | – | – | 27 ± 3* | ||
AEX | Pre | 45 ± 7† | – | – | 45 ± 8† | 40 ± 9 | – | – | 38 ± 9† | 33 ± 8 | – | – | 36 ± 8 | |
Post | 44 ± 5 | – | – | 42 ± 6 | 38 ± 7 | – | – | 36 ± 6 | 30 ± 7 | – | – | 29 ± 6 | ||
Plasma cortisol (µg/dL) | SED | Pre | 15 ± 4 | – | – | 15 ± 4 | 13 ± 2 | – | – | 12 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | – | – | 12 ± 1 |
Post | 15 ± 2 | – | – | 14 ± 2 | 13 ± 1 | – | – | 15 ± 1 | 14 ± 2 | – | – | 16 ± 2 | ||
AEX | Pre | 15 ± 3 | – | – | 13 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 | – | – | 12 ± 2 | 10 ± 1 | – | – | 9 ± 1 | |
Post | 16 ± 2 | – | – | 15 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | – | – | 13 ± 2 | 12 ± 1 | – | – | 14 ± 2* | ||
Plasma NEFA (µmol/L) | SED | Pre | 586 ± 68 | – | – | 590 ± 53 | 195 ± 47 | – | – | 197 ± 41 | 124 ± 17 | – | – | 153 ± 29 |
Post | 612 ± 44 | – | – | 580 ± 57 | 216 ± 42 | – | – | 208 ± 46 | 138 ± 23 | – | – | 120 ± 20* | ||
AEX | Pre | 527 ± 76 | – | – | 520 ± 84 | 153 ± 28 | – | – | 142 ± 33 | 94 ± 21 | – | – | 89 ± 13† | |
Post | 360 ± 45*† | – | – | 398 ± 66 | 129 ± 28 | – | – | 122 ± 22 | 68 ± 13† | – | – | 68 ± 14 | ||
Plasma glycerol (µmol/L) | SED | Pre | 87 ± 15 | – | – | 104 ± 11 | 58 ± 19 | – | – | 61 ± 16 | 36 ± 13 | – | – | 38 ± 11 |
Post | 119 ± 34 | – | – | 111 ± 32 | 65 ± 20 | – | – | 69 ± 25 | 65 ± 26* | – | – | 57 ± 21 | ||
AEX | Pre | 102 ± 16 | 97 ± 17 | 53 ± 9 | 54 ± 8 | 40 ± 9 | 40 ± 6 | |||||||
Post | 74 ± 8 | 78 ± 8 | 46 ± 5 | 42 ± 7 | 37 ± 2 | 32 ± 3 | ||||||||
