Table 3 Hormone and substrate levels during the OGL-clamp studies
Variable | Time (min) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Time point | Pre-OGL period | OGL period | ||||||||||
−30 | −20 | −10 | 0 | 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | |||
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | SED | Pre | 99 ± 2 | 97 ± 2 | 97 ± 2 | 98 ± 1 | 121 ± 10 | 139 ± 20 | 138 ± 22 | 119 ± 17 | 103 ± 7 | 89 ± 5 | 92 ± 5 |
Post | 96 ± 1 | 96 ± 1 | 94 ± 2 | 94 ± 2 | 128 ± 12 | 154 ± 18 | 156 ± 23 | 135 ± 24 | 112 ± 21 | 100 ± 10* | 99 ± 2 | ||
AEX | Pre | 100 ± 2 | 99 ± 3 | 97 ± 4 | 97 ± 4 | 142 ± 7 | 160 ± 14 | 155 ± 14 | 121 ± 13 | 99 ± 3 | 94 ± 3 | 88 ± 3 | |
Post | 98 ± 2 | 97 ± 3 | 97 ± 3 | 96 ± 3 | 130 ± 11 | 145 ± 11 | 143 ± 6 | 117 ± 10 | 102 ± 4 | 99 ± 2 | 99 ± 5 | ||
Plasma insulin (µU/mL) | SED | Pre | 254 ± 28 | 281 ± 39 | 275 ± 35 | 254 ± 25 | 293 ± 55 | 310 ± 47 | 298 ± 41 | 299 ± 41 | 301 ± 28 | 299 ± 40 | 294 ± 34 |
Post | 268 ± 13 | 282 ± 17 | 271 ± 25 | 263 ± 9 | 284 ± 30 | 312 ± 41 | 301 ± 21 | 299 ± 25 | 290 ± 21 | 271 ± 15 | 291 ± 24 | ||
AEX | Pre | 267 ± 17 | 265 ± 27 | 269 ± 26 | 272 ± 18 | 316 ± 34 | 297 ± 37 | 327 ± 39 | 326 ± 43 | 295 ± 36 | 321 ± 42 | 330 ± 53 | |
Post | 285 ± 23 | 281 ± 22 | 295 ± 26 | 287 ± 21 | 314 ± 32 | 298 ± 32 | 282 ± 34 | 307 ± 39 | 326 ± 36 | 318 ± 29 | 299 ± 26 | ||
Plasma C-peptide (ng/mL) | SED | Pre | 1.8 ± 0.5 | – | – | 1.6 ± 0.5 | – | 3.6 ± 0.9 | – | 3.3 ± 1.0 | – | 2.4 ± 1.0 | – |
Post | 1.2 ± 0.2* | – | – | 1.1 ± 0.3* | – | 3.2 ± 0.6 | – | 2.8 ± 0.7 | – | 2.0 ± 0.9 | – | ||
AEX | Pre | 1.2 ± 0.2 | – | – | 1.1 ± 0.2 | – | 3.0 ± 0.8 | – | 2.6 ± 0.7 | – | 1.5 ± 0.3 | – | |
Post | 1.2 ± 0.2 | – | – | 1.3 ± 0.2 | – | 2.7 ± 0.6 | – | 2.4 ± 0.6 | – | 1.6 ± 0.4 | – | ||
Plasma glucagon (pg/mL) | SED | Pre | 45 ± 4 | – | – | 41 ± 5 | – | 45 ± 4 | – | 44 ± 4 | – | 42 ± 3 | – |
Post | 41 ± 7 | – | – | 36 ± 6 | – | 32 ± 3 | – | 33 ± 3 | – | 31 ± 4 | – | ||
AEX | Pre | 41 ± 7 | – | – | 42 ± 6 | – | 42 ± 6 | – | 38 ± 5 | – | 39 ± 6 | – | |
Post | 33 ± 6 | – | – | 35 ± 7 | – | 37 ± 7 | – | 33 ± 8 | – | 30 ± 7 | – | ||
Plasma cortisol (µg/dL) | SED | Pre | – | – | – | 14 ± 2 | – | – | – | – | – | 10 ± 2 | – |
Post | – | – | – | 14 ± 2 | – | – | – | – | – | 10 ± 2 | – | ||
AEX | Pre | – | – | – | 15 ± 2 | – | – | – | – | – | 12 ± 2 | – | |
Post | – | – | – | 16 ± 2 | – | – | – | – | – | 16 ± 1† | – | ||
Plasma acetaminophen (µg/mL) | SED | Pre | 0 ± 0 | – | – | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 1 | 15 ± 1 | 19 ± 2 | 19 ± 2 | 17 ± 2 | 14 ± 1 | 13 ± 2 |
Post | 0 ± 0 | – | – | 0 ± 0 | 13 ± 2 | 17 ± 1 | 21 ± 2 | 20 ± 2 | 15 ± 2 | 13 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | ||
AEX | Pre | 0 ± 0 | – | – | 0 ± 0 | 11 ± 2 | 19 ± 2 | 23 ± 2 | 19 ± 1 | 16 ± 1 | 14 ± 2 | 11 ± 2 | |
Post | 0 ± 0 | – | – | 0 ± 0 | 12 ± 1 | 18 ± 2 | 20 ± 1 | 20 ± 1 | 16 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | 11 ± 2 | ||
Plasma NEFA (µmol/L) | SED | Pre | 112 ± 10 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 78 ± 13 | – |
Post | 127 ± 10 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 91 ± 13 | – | ||
AEX | Pre | 77 ± 5† | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 79 ± 12 | – | |
Post | 72 ± 9† | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 67 ± 14 | – | ||
Plasma glycerol (µmol/L) | SED | Pre | 40 ± 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 32 ± 5 | – |
Post | 53 ± 15 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 44 ± 11 | – | ||
AEX | Pre | 39 ± 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 34 ± 5 | – | |
Post | 33 ± 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 35 ± 6 | – | ||
