Table 1 Summary of studies reporting the effects of meal timings and dietary factors on glycaemic control.
Authors | Year of publication | Participants | Main finding | Ref. no. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sakai et al.37 | 2018 | Men and women Type 2 diabetics | Late-night dinner independently associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Kajiyama et al.49 | 2018 | Young women Healthy | Late-night dinners increased postprandial hyperglycaemia Consuming dinner dividedly ameliorate postprandial glucose levels | |
Imai et al.51 | 2017 | Men and women Type 2 diabetics | Late-night dinners increased postprandial hyperglycaemia | |
Van Cauter et al.46 | 1992 | Men and women Healthy | For identical mixed meals, total and 2-h AUC were 25–50% greater in the evening than in the morning | |
Jakubowicz et al.57 | 2013 | Women Overweight and obese metabolic syndrome (BMI: 32 kg/m2) | High-energy breakfast and reduced-energy dinner significantly reduces postprandial glycaemia in obese non-diabetic individuals | |
Jakubowicz et al.53 | 2015 | Men and women Type 2 diabetics | High-energy breakfast and reduced-energy dinner significantly lowered postprandial glycaemia | |
Jakubowicz et al.53 | 2015 | Type 2 diabetics | Skipping breakfast associated with a worsened glycaemic response after lunch and dinner in type 2 diabetics | |
Bo et al.56 | 2014 | Men and women (45–64 years) Exclusion: obesity and/or diabetes mellitus at baseline | Individuals in highest tertile of dinner, % daily caloric intake showed increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes | |
Bo et al.89 | 2015 | Men and women Healthy | Delayed and larger rises in glucose and insulin concentration after evening meals | |
Bandin et al.19 | 2015 | Women Healthy | Late eating of lunch showed increased postprandial glucose than early-eating | |
Tsuchida et al.64 | 2013 | Women Healthy | Late supper increased postprandial serum glucose profiles the following morning | |
Al-Naimi et al.50 | 2004 | Men Healthy | Meals and snacks eaten during simulated night shift work had higher postprandial glucose Glucose tolerance impaired after first night-time meal, with no differences observed following second meal | |
Sato et al.48 | 2011 | Men and women Healthy | Increase in postprandial glucose after late evening meal which carried over to breakfast | |
Reutrakul et al.31 | 2014 | Women Type 2 diabetics | Breakfast skipping significantly associated with higher HbA1C values | |
Peter et al.52 | 2010 | Men and women Type 2 diabetics | Morning glucose excursions higher than in the evening Decreased glucose tolerance for first and third meal of the day | |
Kobayashi et al.36 | 2014 | Men Healthy | Breakfast skipping, and big meals at lunch and dinner, had greater postprandial glucose, especially after dinner | |
Takahashi et al.90 | 2018 | Men Healthy | Higher postprandial glucose for evening meal than morning meal | |
Morgan et al.68 | 2012 | Men and women Healthy | Glucose levels higher with late consumption of high GI meals compared with low GI meals Insulin sensitivity worsens with high-energy meals consumed in evening | |
Gibbs et al.69 | 2014 | Men and women Healthy | Postprandial glucose AUC showed effect with time of day after both low GI and high GI meals Higher glycaemic responses in the evening for low GI meal | |
Leung et al.72 | 2019 | Men and women Healthy | Low GI meals at night contribute to higher glucose excursions and greater insulin levels compared with low GI meals in morning | |
Kessler et al.63 | 2017 | Men Non-obese (normal and impaired glucose, fasting tolerance) | Increased absorption of dietary cabohydrates late night resulting in a higher postprandial glucose profile the following morning | |
Davis et al.76 | 2019 | Men and women Healthy | High protein meal attenuates glucose excursions compared with a standard meal at night | |
Bonham et al.75 | 2019 | Men Healthy | Modifying night meal by reducing saturated fat and sugar improved postprandial glucose | |
Holmbäck et al.74 | 2002 | Men Healthy | High fat diet significant circadian pattern for plasma glucose compared with high carbohydrate diet | |
Gentilcore et al.77 | 2006 | Type 2 diabetics | Olive oil consumed 30 min before a potato meal attenuated postprandial rise in glucose | |
Sun et al.78 | 2017 | Men Healthy | Milk protein consumed before eating bread reduced GR | |
Sun et al.79 | 2015 | Men Healthy | Essence of chicken co-ingested with white bread reduced GR compared with white bread alone | |
Soong et al.80 | 2015 | Men Healthy | Essence of chicken co-ingested with white rice reduced GR compared with white rice alone | |
Takahashi et al.84 | 2019 | Women Healthy | Green tea consumption beneficial in the evening to reduce postprandial glucose concentrations by 3% lower than placebo | |
Sartorelli et al. | 2019 | Women | Coffee and caffeine intake at lunch time inversely associated with the risk of diabetes | |
Lund et al.26 | 2001 | Men and women Shift workers | Observed abnormal metabolic responses for meals consumed at night during, due to insulin resistance | |
Hampton et al.27 | 1996 | Men and women Shift workers | Significant higher postprandial glucose and insulin responses at phase shift (body clock time 2230 h) |
