Table 1 Baseline characteristics and 6-year diabetes incidence by Hispanic/Latino heritage group in HCHS/SOL (n = 7774)a.

From: A Posteriori dietary patterns, insulin resistance, and diabetes risk by Hispanic/Latino heritage in the HCHS/SOL cohort

Baseline characteristics

Cuban

Dominican

Mexican

Puerto Rican

Central American

South American

P

n = 1173

n = 682

n = 3354

n = 1068

n = 876

n = 621

Sociodemographic

Age (years)

44.6 ± 0.7

37.8 ± 0.8

36.6 ± 0.4

41.0 ± 0.7

37.4 ± 0.6

41.1 ± 0.9

<0.001

Female (%)

48.0

57.4

53.5

48.1

50.5

54.6

0.007

Nativity (%)

 US-born

8.3

13.3

24.1

54.3

6.6

5.5

<0.001

 Foreign-born

91.7

86.7

75.9

45.7

93.4

94.5

Education (%)

 <High school

17.1

36.4

30.3

33.1

39.4

18.3

<0.001

 High school/equivalent

29.0

22.3

33.7

27.8

24.2

26.1

 >High school

54.0

41.3

36.0

39.1

36.4

55.6

Time between visits, years

5.9 ± 0

6.1 ± 0

6.2 ± 0

6.2 ± 0

6.0 ± 0.1

5.9 ± 0.1

<0.001

Health characteristic

MV physical activity (%)a,b

50.3

61.3

64.5

62.3

59.5

59.6

<0.001

Smoking status

      

<0.001

 Never

58.7

81.3

67.7

52.8

72.1

69.4

 

 Former

16.5

9

16.6

15.7

13.4

20.9

 

 Current

24.7

9.7

15.7

31.5

14.4

9.6

 

 Missing

0

0

0.1

0

0.1

0.2

 

Waist circumference (cm)

96 ± 0.6

94 ± 0.8

96.8 ± 0.4

97.6 ± 0.7

93.1 ± 0.5

92.7 ± 0.6

<0.001

Total energy (kJ/day)

9015 ± 143

6964 ± 177

8311 ± 87

7955 ± 137

8019 ± 175

7947 ± 160

<0.001

AHEI-2010 (score units)a

43.6 ± 0.2

48.2 ± 0.3

51.6 ± 0.2

41.4 ± 0.3

46.7 ± 0.3

45.7 ± 0.3

<0.001

Ln (fasting insulin (pmol/L))c

4.29 ± 0.03

4.09 ± 0.04

4.21 ± 0.03

4.21 ± 0.03

4.3 ± 0.03

4.16 ± 0.03

<0.001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

94.8 ± 0.3

91.3 ± 0.5

93 ± 0.2

93.5 ± 0.4

93.5 ± 0.4

93.5 ± 0.4

<0.001

Incident diabetes at 6 years

12.1

9.3

14.0

17.0

6.9

8.1

<0.001

  1. Values are means ± SEs unless otherwise specified. All analyses were survey-weighted. Sample sizes are unweighted.
  2. aHCHS/SOL Hispanic Community Health Survey/Study of Latinos, MV Moderate/vigorous, AHEI Alternative Healthy Eating Index.
  3. bMV physical activity was self-reported at baseline and based on days and total metabolic equivalents (minutes/day) assessed using a modified Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, which asks about activity and inactivity (i.e. sedentary behavior) in several life domains (work, travel, leisure).
  4. cNatural log (Ln) of baseline fasting insulin (pmol/L).
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