Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population (n = 26).

n

26

26

26

–

Age [years]

59.0 ± 9.9

59.0 ± 9.9

59.0 ± 9.9

–

Sex [n female, %]

9 (35%)

9 (35%)

9 (35%)

–

Prevalence hyperglycemia [n, %]

17 (65%)

n.a.

13 (50%)

0.04

BMI [kg/m²]

30.4 ± 4.8

31.6 ± 4.7

31.6 ± 4.6

<0.0001

Body weight [kg]

91.0 ± 15.4

94.3 ± 15.9

94.7 ± 15.3

<0.0001

WHR

0.94 ± 0.08

0.94 ± 0.08

0.93 ± 0.08

0.11

Fat mass [%]

24 ± 10

24 ± 10

26 ± 13

0.30

Systolic blood pressure [mmHg]

132 ± 16

133 ± 16

135 ± 18

0.37

Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg]

84 ± 7

85 ± 8

84 ± 9

0.98

First random glucose [mmol/L]

6.5 (6.0, 7.5)

–

–

–

Fasting glucose [mmol/L]

5.4 ± 1.1

5.7 ± 0.5

5.4 ± 0.6

0.83

Glucose after 2 h [mmol/L]

9.1 ± 2.5

n.a.

7.6 ± 1.8

<0.001

Fasting insulin [mIU/L]

13.0 (9.1, 17.5)

14.2 (10.9, 16.7)

7.7 (6.2, 13.4)

0.01

Insulin after 2 h [mIU/L]

77.8 (49.5, 109.2)

n.a.

48.2 (36.7, 121.9)

0.06

Fasting C-peptide [pmol/L]

890 ± 272

706 ± 265

558 ± 215

<0.0001

C-peptide after 2 h [pmol/L]

3340 ± 792

n.a.

2312 ± 716

<0.0001

Fasting NEFA [mmol/L]

0.96 ± 0.25

n.a.

0.77 ± 0.27

0.001

NEFA after 2 h [mmol/L]

0.57 ± 0.20

n.a.

0.34 ± 0.14

<0.0001

Fasting glycerol [µmol/L]

260 ± 72

n.a.

156 ± 47

<0.0001

Glycerol after 2 h [µmol/L]

218 ± 53

n.a.

121 ± 25

<0.0001

Insulinogenic index

1.17 (0.85, 1.70)

n.a.

1.49 (0.81, 1.53)

0.29

Insulin sensitivity index

3.23 ± 1.41

n.a.

4.53 ± 2.30

0.003

Disposition index

4.83 ± 4.20

n.a.

4.89 ± 2.58

0.86

HOMA-beta

1.59 (1.14, 2.50)

n.a.

1.01 (0.81, 1.53)

0.01

HOMA-IR

2.62 (1.97, 4.93)

n.a.

1.77 (1.48, 3.42)

0.01

HbA1c [mmol/mol]

47.4 ± 13.4

35.6 ± 4.3

37.8 ± 4.2

<0.001

Triglycerides [mmol/L]

1.76 ± 0.89

1.72 ± 1.28

1.50 ± 0.83

0.08

Total cholesterol [mmol/L]

4.36 ± 0.84

5.19 ± 1.14

4.77 ± 0.92

0.11

HDL cholesterol [mmol/L]

1.30 ± 0.34

1.20 ± 0.26

1.19 ± 0.33

0.16

LDL cholesterol [mmol/L]

2.26 ± 0.77

3.31 ± 1.06

2.91 ± 0.90

0.01

ALT [μkat/L]

1.11 ± 0.58

0.49 ± 0.18

0.46 ± 0.19

<0.0001

AST [μkat/L]

0.49 ± 0.20

0.38 ± 0.09

0.36 ± 0.11

0.001

Urea [mmol/L]

5.59 ± 2.80

5.40 ± 1.47

5.76 ± 1.42

0.73

Creatinine [μmol/L]

68.7 ± 15.4

74.4 ± 15.1

75.8 ± 15.6

<0.001

Albumine [g/L]

40.3 ± 1.9

47.1 ± 6.1

43.0 ± 2.6

<0.0001

Cortisol [nmol/L]

258 ± 184

n.a.

249 ± 99

0.81

TSH [µmol/L]

1.89 (1.50, 2.66)

n.a.

1.51 (1.23, 1.85)

<0.001

Triiodothyronine (T3) [pmol/L]

5.25 ± 0.72

n.a.

5.74 ± 0.52

0.01

Thyroxine (T4) [pmol/L]

15.9 ± 3.7

n.a.

14.5 ± 1.9

0.03

White blood cells [×10⁹/L]

9.65 ± 4.11

6.68 ± 1.65

6.08 ± 1.67

<0.001

Platelets [×10⁹/L]

234 ± 112

247 ± 61

211 ± 57

0.26

D-dimer [μg/L]

925 (340, 2140)

590 (310, 860)

250 (210, 530)

<0.001

Baecke Score

6.54 ± 1.31

7.61 ± 1.56

7.58 ± 1.49

0.005