Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participation, categorized by timing of night eating.
Characteristics | Timing of night eating | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No night eating | 22:00 to 23:00 | 23:00 to 00:00 | 00:00 to 1:00 | 1:00 to 2:00 | 2:00 to 3:00 | 3:00 to 4:00 | |
Participants, n | 31362 | 6262 | 2354 | 588 | 417 | 375 | 386 |
Age (years) | 48.97 ± 0.21 | 45.37 ± 0.35 | 41.76 ± 0.46 | 38.25 ± 0.75 | 39.41 ± 1.01 | 40.80 ± 1.01 | 44.31 ± 0.93 |
Female | 16302 (52.0) | 3014 (48.1) | 1134 (48.2) | 235 (40.0) | 158 (37.9) | 148 (39.5) | 151 (39.1) |
Race/ethnicity | |||||||
Mexican American | 5471 (17.4) | 895 (14.3) | 321 (13.6) | 70 (11.9) | 44 (10.6) | 41 (10.9) | 53 (13.7) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 5963 (19.0) | 1522 (24.3) | 725 (30.8) | 170 (28.9) | 124 (29.7) | 119 (31.7) | 102 (26.4) |
Non-Hispanic White | 14541 (46.4) | 2657 (42.4) | 911 (38.7) | 248 (42.2) | 181 (43.4) | 159 (42.4) | 176 (45.6) |
Other Hispanic | 2635 (8.4) | 558 (8.9) | 187 (7.9) | 36 (6.1) | 25 (6.0) | 15 (4.0) | 22 (5.7) |
Other | 2752 (8.8) | 630 (10.1) | 210 (8.9) | 64 (10.9) | 43 (10.3) | 41 (10.9) | 33 (8.5) |
Education | |||||||
Less than 9th grade | 3922 (12.5) | 538 (8.6) | 164 (7.0) | 31 (5.3) | 21 (5.0) | 16 (4.3) | 24 (6.2) |
9-11th grade | 4426 (14.1) | 909 (14.5) | 365 (15.5) | 78 (13.3) | 54 (12.9) | 54 (14.4) | 66 (17.1) |
College graduate or above | 6956 (22.2) | 1495 (23.9) | 466 (19.8) | 135 (23.0) | 91 (21.8) | 65 (17.3) | 54 (14.0) |
High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 7328 (23.4) | 1416 (22.6) | 537 (22.8) | 117 (19.9) | 94 (22.5) | 123 (32.8) | 114 (29.5) |
Some college or AA degree | 8730 (27.8) | 1904 (30.4) | 822 (34.9) | 227 (38.6) | 157 (37.6) | 117 (31.2) | 128 (33.2) |
Income | |||||||
$0 to $19,999 | 7052 (22.5) | 1377 (22.0) | 584 (24.8) | 138 (23.5) | 88 (21.1) | 95 (25.3) | 89 (23.1) |
$20,000 to $44,999 | 9949 (31.7) | 1987 (31.7) | 758 (32.2) | 168 (28.6) | 121 (29.0) | 114 (30.4) | 108 (28.0) |
$45,000 to $74,999 | 6270 (20.0) | 1300 (20.8) | 469 (19.9) | 144 (24.5) | 90 (21.6) | 74 (19.7) | 94 (24.4) |
$75,000 to $99,999 | 4240 (13.5) | 803 (12.8) | 304 (12.9) | 85 (14.5) | 68 (16.3) | 49 (13.1) | 56 (14.5) |
$100,000 and Over | 3851 (12.3) | 795 (12.7) | 239 (10.2) | 53 (9.0) | 50 (12.0) | 43 (11.5) | 39 (10.1) |
Smoking status | |||||||
Never smoker | 17272 (55.1) | 3300 (52.7) | 1191 (50.6) | 292 (49.7) | 215 (51.6) | 155 (41.3) | 158 (40.9) |
Past smoker | 8187 (26.1) | 1474 (23.5) | 467 (19.8) | 102 (17.3) | 79 (18.9) | 76 (20.3) | 91 (23.6) |
Current smoker | 5903 (18.8) | 1488 (23.8) | 696 (29.6) | 194 (33.0) | 123 (29.5) | 144 (38.4) | 137 (35.5) |
Drinking statusa | |||||||
Never drinker | 4728 (15.1) | 871 (13.9) | 258 (11.0) | 49 (8.3) | 42 (10.1) | 31 (8.3) | 36 (9.3) |
Past drinker | 5884 (18.8) | 983 (15.7) | 345 (14.7) | 70 (11.9) | 41 (9.8) | 56 (14.9) | 60 (15.5) |
Current drinker | 20750 (66.2) | 4408 (70.4) | 1751 (74.4) | 469 (79.8) | 334 (80.1) | 288 (76.8) | 290 (75.1) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.85 ± 0.08 | 28.85 ± 0.13 | 29.00 ± 0.24 | 28.08 ± 0.39 | 27.68 ± 0.49 | 28.08 ± 0.45 | 29.49 ± 0.51 |
Physical activity (METs-h/week) | 8.58 ± 0.07 | 8.67 ± 0.12 | 9.18 ± 0.19 | 9.10 ± 0.34 | 9.47 ± 0.42 | 9.45 ± 0.45 | 9.27 ± 0.47 |
Sleep hours (h/day) | 7.13 ± 0.02 | 6.96 ± 0.03 | 7.10 ± 0.12 | 6.70 ± 0.09 | 6.96 ± 0.14 | 6.64 ± 0.12 | 6.56 ± 0.13 |
Dietary energy intake (kcal) | 2015.49 ± 7.15 | 2220.85 ± 15.00 | 2274.07 ± 27.02 | 2548.01 ± 45.64 | 2595.00 ± 68.40 | 2586.35 ± 78.46 | 2412.60 ± 61.00 |
Adherence to HEI-2015 score | 51.14 ± 0.18 | 50.12 ± 0.28 | 48.19 ± 0.40 | 49.55 ± 0.72 | 49.11 ± 0.85 | 48.47 ± 1.48 | 46.91 ± 0.86 |
Dietary supplement use (%) | 11663 (37.2) | 2077 (33.2) | 633 (26.9) | 146 (24.8) | 132 (31.7) | 108 (28.8) | 118 (30.6) |
Glycohemoglobin (%) | 5.60 ± 0.01 | 5.59 ± 0.02 | 5.60 ± 0.02 | 5.49 ± 0.06 | 5.57 ± 0.06 | 5.47 ± 0.05 | 5.57 ± 0.06 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.73 ± 0.01 | 1.74 ± 0.03 | 1.64 ± 0.04 | 1.61 ± 0.06 | 1.68 ± 0.11 | 1.65 ± 0.10 | 1.93 ± 0.10 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.89 ± 0.01 | 5.89 ± 0.03 | 5.94 ± 0.05 | 5.83 ± 0.10 | 5.84 ± 0.10 | 5.61 ± 0.07 | 5.80 ± 0.09 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.11 ± 0.01 | 5.03 ± 0.02 | 5.00 ± 0.03 | 4.94 ± 0.06 | 5.03 ± 0.08 | 4.92 ± 0.11 | 5.14 ± 0.07 |
OGTT (mg/dL) | 133.60 ± 0.64 | 130.59 ± 1.35 | 127.01 ± 1.81 | 123.16 ± 4.22 | 121.49 ± 4.06 | 112.02 ± 3.88 | 125.12 ± 4.10 |
Fasting time (h) | 7.60 ± 0.06 | 7.23 ± 0.10 | 6.35 ± 0.13 | 7.47 ± 0.26 | 7.04 ± 0.35 | 6.88 ± 0.34 | 7.19 ± 0.31 |
Hyperlipidemia | 22516 (71.8) | 4196 (67.0) | 1425 (60.5) | 319 (54.3) | 243 (58.3) | 222 (59.2) | 233 (60.4) |
Hypertension | 13437 (42.9) | 2427 (38.8) | 847 (36.0) | 161 (27.4) | 155 (37.2) | 129 (34.4) | 147 (38.1) |
CVD | 10698 (34.1) | 1952 (31.2) | 624 (26.5) | 126 (21.4) | 100 (24.0) | 104 (27.7) | 120 (31.1) |
Diabetes | 5870 (18.7) | 1140 (18.2) | 363 (15.4) | 63 (10.7) | 45 (10.8) | 44 (11.7) | 59 (15.3) |
Cancer | 3298 (10.5) | 509 (8.1) | 170 (7.2) | 34 (5.8) | 29 (7.0) | 20 (5.3) | 28 (7.3) |
