Table 3 Baseline characteristics of the study population, categorized by food quality.
Characteristics | Food quality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No night eating | VL-energy intake | L-energy intake | M-energy intake | H-energy intake | |
Participants, n | 31362 | 3113 | 1218 | 1868 | 4183 |
Age (years) | 48.97 ± 0.21 | 48.04 ± 0.43 | 43.96 ± 0.62 | 42.39 ± 0.51 | 40.92 ± 0.35 |
Female | 16302 (52.0) | 1620 (52.0) | 647 (53.1) | 779 (41.7) | 1794 (42.9) |
Race/ethnicity | |||||
Mexican American | 5471 (17.4) | 440 (14.1) | 175 (14.4) | 242 (13.0) | 567 (13.6) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 5963 (19.0) | 601 (19.3) | 341 (28.0) | 517 (27.7) | 1303 (31.1) |
Non-Hispanic White | 14541 (46.4) | 1447 (46.5) | 505 (41.5) | 725 (38.8) | 1655 (39.6) |
Other Hispanic | 2635 (8.4) | 270 (8.7) | 110 (9.0) | 163 (8.7) | 300 (7.2) |
Other | 2752 (8.8) | 355 (11.4) | 87 (7.1) | 221 (11.8) | 358 (8.6) |
Education | |||||
Less than 9th grade | 3922 (12.5) | 271 (8.7) | 102 (8.4) | 143 (7.7) | 278 (6.6) |
9–11th grade | 4426 (14.1) | 397 (12.8) | 181 (14.9) | 269 (14.4) | 679 (16.2) |
College graduate or above | 6956 (22.2) | 854 (27.4) | 224 (18.4) | 460 (24.6) | 768 (18.4) |
High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 7328 (23.4) | 649 (20.8) | 277 (22.7) | 411 (22.0) | 1064 (25.4) |
Some college or AA degree | 8730 (27.8) | 942 (30.3) | 434 (35.6) | 585 (31.3) | 1394 (33.3) |
Income | |||||
$0 to $19,999 | 7052 (22.5) | 649 (20.8) | 289 (23.7) | 459 (24.6) | 974 (23.3) |
$20,000 to $44,999 | 9949 (31.7) | 955 (30.7) | 363 (29.8) | 570 (30.5) | 1368 (32.7) |
$45,000 to $74,999 | 6270 (20.0) | 649 (20.8) | 253 (20.8) | 384 (20.6) | 885 (21.2) |
$75,000 to $99,999 | 4240 (13.5) | 423 (13.6) | 188 (15.4) | 224 (12.0) | 530 (12.7) |
$100,000 and over | 3851 (12.3) | 437 (14.0) | 125 (10.3) | 231 (12.4) | 426 (10.2) |
Smoking status | |||||
Never smoker | 17272 (55.1) | 1639 (52.7) | 627 (51.5) | 951 (50.9) | 2094 (50.1) |
Past smoker | 8187 (26.1) | 799 (25.7) | 259 (21.3) | 436 (23.3) | 795 (19.0) |
Current smoker | 5903 (18.8) | 675 (21.7) | 332 (27.3) | 481 (25.7) | 1294 (30.9) |
Drinking statusa | |||||
Never drinker | 4728 (15.1) | 438 (14.1) | 155 (12.7) | 209 (11.2) | 485 (11.6) |
Past drinker | 5884 (18.8) | 476 (15.3) | 197 (16.2) | 300 (16.1) | 582 (13.9) |
Current drinker | 20750 (66.2) | 2199 (70.6) | 866 (71.1) | 1359 (72.8) | 3116 (74.5) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.85 ± 0.08 | 28.77 ± 0.19 | 28.69 ± 0.27 | 28.76 ± 0.23 | 28.83 ± 0.18 |
Physical activity (METs-h/week) | 8.58 ± 0.07 | 8.41 ± 0.13 | 8.74 ± 0.22 | 9.51 ± 0.23 | 9.02 ± 0.16 |
Sleep hours (hours/day) | 7.13 ± 0.02 | 7.03 ± 0.06 | 6.99 ± 0.08 | 6.88 ± 0.05 | 6.91 ± 0.06 |
Dietary energy intake (kcal) | 2015.49 ± 7.15 | 2216.12 ± 20.16 | 2160.04 ± 34.08 | 2469.47 ± 25.65 | 2302.13 ± 19.81 |
Adherence to HEI-2015 score | 51.14 ± 0.18 | 51.83 ± 0.40 | 47.30 ± 0.53 | 52.12 ± 0.45 | 47.03 ± 0.32 |
Dietary supplement use (%) | 11663 (37.2) | 541 (29.0) | 1232 (39.6) | 348 (28.6) | 1093 (26.1) |
Glycohemoglobin (%) | 5.60 ± 0.01 | 5.64 ± 0.02 | 5.54 ± 0.03 | 5.58 ± 0.03 | 5.56 ± 0.02 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.73 ± 0.01 | 1.70 ± 0.03 | 1.71 ± 0.06 | 1.83 ± 0.09 | 1.67 ± 0.03 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.89 ± 0.01 | 5.97 ± 0.04 | 5.81 ± 0.06 | 5.87 ± 0.05 | 5.84 ± 0.03 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 5.11 ± 0.01 | 5.02 ± 0.02 | 5.10 ± 0.05 | 5.00 ± 0.04 | 5.00 ± 0.02 |
OGTT (mg/dL) | 133.60 ± 0.64 | 134.36 ± 1.85 | 127.81 ± 2.98 | 126.16 ± 2.31 | 124.12 ± 1.52 |
Fasting time (hours) | 7.71 ± 0.06 | 6.93 ± 0.12 | 7.27 ± 0.21 | 7.12 ± 0.18 | 7.22 ± 0.11 |
Hyperlipidemia | 22516 (71.8) | 2136 (68.6) | 792 (65.0) | 1161 (62.2) | 2549 (60.9) |
Hypertension | 13437 (42.9) | 1301 (41.8) | 470 (38.6) | 662 (35.4) | 1433 (34.3) |
CVD | 10698 (34.1) | 1121 (36.0) | 376 (30.9) | 492 (26.3) | 1037 (24.8) |
Diabetes | 5870 (18.7) | 615 (19.8) | 194 (15.9) | 287 (15.4) | 618 (14.8) |
Cancer | 3298 (10.5) | 318 (10.2) | 87 (7.1) | 128 (6.9) | 257 (6.1) |
