Table 1 Baseline characteristics across quartiles (Q) of the Flavodiet Score in the UK Biobank (n = 113,097).
Participants, No. (%)a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics across FDS | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Whole sample |
Number of participants | 28,497 (25.2) | 29,979 (26.5) | 29,241 (25.9) | 25,380 (22.4) | 113,097 (100.0) |
T2D cases | 807 (2.8) | 704 (2.4) | 603 (2.1) | 514 (2.0) | 2,628 (2.3) |
FDS, mean (SD) | 1.4 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.5) | 4.6 (0.4) | 6.4 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.9) |
Sex-Female | 16,133 (56.6) | 15,619 (52.1) | 18,839 (64.4) | 13,264 (52.3) | 63,855 (56.5) |
Age at recruitment (years), mean (SD) | 54.3 (8.1) | 55.8 (7.9) | 56.2 (7.7) | 56.9 (7.4) | 55.8 (7.8) |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.0 (4.8) | 26.5 (4.3) | 26.3 (4.3) | 26.3 (4.1) | 26.5 (4.4) |
Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 88.9 (13.4) | 88.3 (12.7) | 86.5 (12.5) | 87.7 (12.5) | 87.8 (12.8) |
Energy intake (kJ/day), mean (SD) | 8123 (1870) | 8492 (1830) | 8473 (1797) | 8940 (1840) | 8477 (1856) |
Physical activity (MET-h/wk), mean (SD) | 29.6 (38.4) | 30.9 (37.7) | 31.1 (38.6) | 34.7 (40.7) | 31.5 (38.8) |
Ethnicity | |||||
Asian | 1730 (6.1) | 1480 (4.9) | 1137 (3.9) | 955 (3.8) | 5302 (4.7) |
Black | 113 (0.4) | 124 (0.4) | 92 (0.3) | 62 (0.2) | 391 (0.4) |
Multiple | 795 (2.8) | 821 (2.7) | 768 (2.6) | 779 (3.1) | 3163 (2.8) |
White | 25,542 (89.6) | 27,282 (91.0) | 27,031 (92.4) | 23,362 (92.1) | 103,218 (91.3) |
Otherb | 222 (0.8) | 179 (0.6) | 127 (0.4) | 127 (0.5) | 655 (0.6) |
Missing | 95 (0.3) | 92 (0.3) | 86 (0.3) | 95 (0.4) | 368 (0.3) |
Education | |||||
Low | 7739 (27.2) | 7824 (26.1) | 7687 (26.3) | 5962 (23.5) | 29,212 (25.8) |
Medium | 4843 (17.0) | 4790 (16.0) | 4510 (15.4) | 3942 (15.5) | 18,085 (16.0) |
High | 14,137 (49.6) | 15,507 (51.7) | 15,050 (51.5) | 13,899 (54.8) | 58,593 (51.8) |
Missing | 1178 (6.2) | 1858 (6.2) | 1994 (6.8) | 1577 (6.2) | 7207 (6.4) |
Smoking status | |||||
Never | 16,608 (58.3) | 17,396 (58.0) | 17,357 (59.4) | 14,218 (56.0) | 65,579 (58.0) |
Previous | 9322 (32.7) | 10,485 (35.0) | 9970 (34.1) | 9658 (38.1) | 39,435 (34.9) |
Current | 2508 (8.8) | 2035 (6.8) | 1865 (6.4) | 1456 (5.7) | 7864 (7.0) |
Missing | 59 (0.2) | 63 (0.2) | 49 (0.2) | 48 (0.2) | 219 (0.2) |
Drinking status | |||||
Never | 1023 (3.6) | 747 (2.5) | 809 (2.8) | 536 (2.1) | 3,115 (2.8) |
Previous | 1014 (3.6) | 743 (2.5) | 776 (2.7) | 589 (2.3) | 3,122 (2.8) |
Current | 26,441 (92.8) | 28,462 (94.9) | 27,643 (94.5) | 24,240 (95.5) | 106,786 (94.4) |
Missing | 19 (0.1) | 27 (0.1) | 13 (0.1) | 15 (0.1) | 74 (0.1) |
Family history of diabetes | 4784 (16.8) | 4703 (15.7) | 4591 (15.7) | 3837 (15.1) | 17,915 (15.8) |
Hypertension | 6264 (22.0) | 6709 (22.4) | 6290 (21.5) | 6073 (23.9) | 25,336 (22.4) |
Hypercholesterolemia | 3463 (12.2) | 3807 (12.7) | 3303 (11.3) | 3406 (13.4) | 13,979 (12.4) |
Multimorbidity | |||||
0 LTCs | 11,417 (40.1) | 12,259 (40.9) | 11,542 (39.5) | 9900 (39.0) | 45,118 (39.9) |
1 LTC | 9481 (33.3) | 9869 (32.9) | 9589 (32.8) | 8417 (33.2) | 37,356 (33.0) |
2 LTCs | 4569 (16.0) | 4913 (16.4) | 4967 (17.0) | 4414 (17.4) | 18,863 (16.7) |
≥3 LTCs | 3030 (10.6) | 2938 (9.8) | 3143 (10.8) | 2649 (10.4) | 11,760 (10.4) |
Polypharmacy | |||||
0 | 9555 (33.5) | 10,136 (33.8) | 9514 (32.5) | 8370 (33.0) | 37,575 (33.2) |
1–3 | 13,566 (47.6) | 14,272 (47.6) | 14,085 (48.2) | 12,098 (47.7) | 54,021 (47.8) |
4–6 | 4090 (14.4) | 4340 (14.5) | 4375 (15.0) | 3865 (15.2) | 16,670 (14.7) |
7–9 | 974 (3.4) | 935 (3.1) | 991 (3.4) | 818 (3.2) | 3718 (3.3) |
≥10 | 312 (1.1) | 294 (1.0) | 276 (1.0) | 227 (0.9) | 1,109 (1.0) |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) |
Menopausal status | |||||
Premenopausal | 5238 (32.5) | 4304 (27.6) | 4917 (26.1) | 3078 (23.2) | 17,537 (27.5) |
Postmenopausal | 8450 (52.4) | 9028 (57.8) | 11,209 (59.5) | 8301 (62.6) | 36,988 (57.9) |
Missing | 18 (0.1) | 23 (0.2) | 15 (0.1) | 16 (0.1) | 72 (0.1) |
PRS (T2D) | |||||
Low | 9097 (31.9) | 9849 (32.9) | 9606 (32.9) | 8439 (33.3) | 36,991 (32.7) |
Medium | 9339 (32.8) | 9842 (32.8) | 9532 (32.6) | 8219 (32.4) | 36,932 (32.7) |
High | 9433 (33.1) | 9656 (32.2) | 9521 (32.6) | 8212 (32.4) | 36,822 (32.6) |
Missing | 628 (2.2) | 632 (2.1) | 582 (2.0) | 510 (2.0) | 2352 (2.1) |
Wholegrain intake, mean (SD)c | 1.9 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.5) |
Sugar-sweetened beverage intake, mean (SD)c | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.8) |
Red and processed meat intake, mean (SD)c | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.8) |
Coffee intake, mean (SD)c | 2.4 (1.6) | 1.9 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.5) |
