Table 2 Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of type 2 diabetes across sex-specific quartiles (Q) of the Flavodiet Score (n = 113,097).

From: Higher habitual intakes of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods are associated with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes in the UK Biobank cohort

 

Flavodiet Score quartiles

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P-trend

1-point increments in Flavodiet score

FDS, mean (SD)

1.4 (0.7)

3.3 (0.5)

4.6 (0.4)

6.4 (1.0)

<0.001

 

Cases/total

807/28,497

704/29,979

603/29,241

514/25,380

  

Person-years

341,248

360,341

351,445

305,349

 

1,358,384

HR (95% CI)

Model 1

1.00a

0.76 (0.68–0.84)

0.69 (0.62–0.76)

0.61 (0.55–0.68)

<0.001

0.91 (0.89–0.93)

Model 2

1.00a

0.86 (0.77–0.95)

0.77 (0.69–0.86)

0.72 (0.64–0.81)

<0.001

0.94 (0.92–0.97)

 

Flavodiet Score quartiles (excluding red wine)

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P-trend

1-point increments in Flavodiet score

FDS, mean (SD)

1.1 (0.6)

2.9 (0.4)

4.3 (0.4)

5.9 (1.0)

<0.001

 

Cases/total

811/29,274

632/29,174

624/29,306

561/25,343

  

Person-years

350,479

350,874

352,603

304,427

 

1,358,384

HR (95% CI)

Model 1

1.00a

0.75 (0.67–0.83)

0.72 (0.65–0.80)

0.68 (0.61–0.76)

<0.001

0.93 (0.91–0.95)

Model 2

1.00a

0.83 (0.75–0.93)

0.79 (0.70–0.88)

0.74 (0.66–0.84)

<0.001

0.95 (0.93–0.97)

  1. Model 1 was adjusted for sex and education; stratified by age (5-year categories) and region.
  2. Model 2 was adjusted for sex, BMI, waist circumference, ethnicity, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intake, education, energy intake, polypharmacy index, multimorbidity index, Townsend deprivation index, family history of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, menopausal status, PRS (T2D), number of completed dietary assessments, and intake of wholegrains, red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and coffee; stratified by age (5-year categories) and region.
  3. Q quartile, FDS flavodiet score, BMI body mass index, PRS polygenic risk score, T2D type 2 diabetes mellitus, HR hazard ratios, CI confidence intervals.
  4. aReference categories.
  5. P-trend is for linear trend.
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