Table 3 Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of type 2 diabetes across flavonoid-rich foods (n = 113,097).

From: Higher habitual intakes of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods are associated with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes in the UK Biobank cohort

 

Flavonoid-rich food intake quartiles

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P trend

Red wine intake

 Intake (servings/d)a

0 (0–0)

0.3 (0.1–0.4)

1.0 (0.6–1.0)

1.7 (1.1–6.0)

 

 Cases/total

1,874/71,422

263/16,080

264/13,972

227/11,623

 

 Person-years

856,382

193,745

168,617

139,639

 

 HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00b

0.62 (0.54–0.70)

0.67 (0.59–0.76)

0.66 (0.57–0.75)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00b

0.81 (0.71–0.92)

0.84 (0.74–0.96)

0.75 (0.65–0.87)

<0.001

Tea intake

 Intake (servings/d)a

0 (0–0)

1.0 (0.2–1.8)

2.5 (2.0–3.4)

4.0 (3.5–4.0)

 

 Cases/total

559/21,440

629/25,996

720/33,414

720/32,247

 

 Person-years

256,771

312,590

401,947

387,076

 

 HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00b

0.90 (0.80–1.01)

0.75 (0.67–0.84)

0.74 (0.66–0.83)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00b

1.03 (0.91–1.15)

0.89 (0.79–1.00)

0.79 (0.70–0.90)

<0.001

Berry intake

 Intake (servings/d)a

0 (0–0)

0.3 (0.1–0.3)

0.5 (0.3–0.5)

1.0 (0.6–4.0)

 

 Cases/total

1,874/72,473

244/12,871

281/15,212

229/12,541

 

 Person-years

868,926

154,658

183,350

151,451

 

 HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00b

0.75 (0.66–0.86)

0.76 (0.67–0.86)

0.79 (0.69–0.91)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00b

0.88 (0.77–1.01)

0.85 (0.75–0.97)

0.85 (0.74–0.98)

0.01

Apple intake

 Intake (servings/d)a

0 (0–0)

0.3 (0.1–0.3)

0.5 (0.4–0.7)

1.0 (0.8–4.0)

 

 Cases/total

1,317/50,434

356/16,769

463/22,264

492/23,630

 

 Person-years

604,998

201,076

268,171

284,140

 

 HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00b

0.83 (0.73–0.93)

0.80 (0.72–0.89)

0.76 (0.69-0.85)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00b

0.92 (0.81–1.03)

0.92 (0.82–1.02)

0.88 (0.79–0.98)

0.03

Grape intake

 Intake (servings/d)a

0 (0–0)

0.3 (0.1–0.3)

0.5 (0.3–0.5)

1.0 (0.6–4.0)

 

 Cases/total

1,779/75,024

276/13,460

323/13,667

250/10,946

 

 Person-years

901,022

161,758

164,249

131,346

 

 HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00b

0.88 (0.77–1.00)

1.02 (0.91–1.15)

0.97 (0.85–1.11)

0.68

 Model 2

1.00b

0.95 (0.83–1.08)

1.03 (0.91–1.16)

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

0.38

Orange intake

 Intake (servings/d)a

0 (0–0)

0.3 (0.1–0.3)

0.5 (0.4–0.8)

1.0 (0.8–5.5)

 

 Cases/total

1,511/62,341

287/14,104

417/19,591

413/17,061

 

 Person-years

748,089

169,577

235,462

205,256

 

 HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00b

0.85 (0.75–0.97)

0.88 (0.79–0.99)

1.00 (0.90–1.12)

0.83

 Model 2

1.00b

0.97 (0.85–1.10)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

1.02 (0.91–1.14)

0.92

Grapefruit intake

 Intake (servings/d)a

0 (0–0)

0.2 (0.1–0.2)

0.3 (0.3–0.3)

0.5 (0.4–2.0)

 

 Cases/total

2,504/105,848

27/2,102

51/2,622

46/2,525

 

 Person-years

1,271,082

25,232

31,641

30,430

 

 HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00b

0.55 (0.38–0.80)

0.80 (0.61–1.06)

0.72 (0.54–0.96)

0.01

 Model 2

1.00b

0.72 (0.49–1.06)

0.91 (0.69–1.21)

0.81 (0.60–1.09)

0.11

Onion intake

 Intake (servings/d)a

0 (0–0)

0.1 (0.1–0.1)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.5 (0.3–2.7)

 

 Cases/total

1,352/55,929

426/19,721

325/16,436

525/21,011

 

 Person-years

671,697

237,146

197,642

251,890

 

 HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00b

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

0.86 (0.76–0.97)

1.08 (0.98–1.20)

0.07

 Model 2

1.00b

0.99 (0.89–1.11)

0.91 (0.80–1.03)

1.02 (0.92–1.13)

0.73

Pepper intake

 Intake (servings/d)a

0 (0–0)

0.1 (0.1–0.1)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.5 (0.3–3.0)

 

 Cases/total

1,846/72,794

321/16,921

221/11,757

240/11,625

 

 Person-years

872,969

203,708

141,721

139,987

 

 HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00b

0.80 (0.71–0.90)

0.81 (0.71–0.94)

0.92 (0.80–1.05)

0.06

 Model 2

1.00b

0.92 (0.81–1.04)

0.94 (0.81–1.08)

1.02 (0.89–1.17)

0.80

Dark chocolate intake

 Intake (servings/d)a

0 (0–0)

0.08 (0.05–0.08)

0.13 (0.1–0.2)

0.25 (0.2–2.3)

 

 Cases/total

2,334/96,761

87/5,470

93/5,374

114/5,486

 

 Person-years

1,116,503

66,003

64,811

65,997

 

 HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00b

0.68 (0.55–0.84)

0.70 (0.57–0.87)

0.85 (0.70–1.02)

0.09

 Model 2

1.00b

0.91 (0.73–1.13)

0.92 (0.75–1.14)

1.04 (0.86–1.26)

0.53

  1. Model 1 was adjusted for sex and education; stratified by age (5-year categories) and region.
  2. Model 2 was adjusted for sex, BMI, waist circumference, ethnicity, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intake (excluding red wine analysis), education, energy intake, polypharmacy index, multimorbidity index, Townsend deprivation index, family history of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, menopausal status, PRS (T2D), number of completed dietary assessments, and intake of wholegrains, red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and coffee; stratified by age (5-year categories) and region.
  3. Q quartile, BMI body mass index, T2D type 2 diabetes mellitus, PRS polygenic risk score, HR hazard ratios, CI confidence intervals.
  4. aIntake values are median (range) and portion sizes were specified as a “serving” in the Oxford WebQ tool.
  5. bReference categories.
  6. P trend is for linear trend.
  7. P trend in bold indicates P < 0.005, Bonferroni corrected.
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