Fig. 2: Effects of vitamin D supplementation on renal function, intestinal flora characteristics, TMAO metabolites, and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in mice with DKD. | Nutrition & Diabetes

Fig. 2: Effects of vitamin D supplementation on renal function, intestinal flora characteristics, TMAO metabolites, and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in mice with DKD.

From: Vitamin D is involved in the effects of the intestinal flora and its related metabolite TMAO on perirenal fat and kidneys in mice with DKD

Fig. 2: Effects of vitamin D supplementation on renal function, intestinal flora characteristics, TMAO metabolites, and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in mice with DKD.

A Urine ACR results (n = 6 mice per group). DKD diabetic kidney disease, LVD low-dose vitamin D group, MVD medium-dose vitamin D group, HVD high-dose vitamin D group *p < 0.05, #p < 0.01; B HE, Masson staining. C Immunofluorescence staining (with an anti-podocin antibody) of kidney sections; 18 images per 6 biological replicates for each group, 200×. D Histogram of the relative abundance of the top 10 bacteria at the phylum level (n = 6 mice per group). E Histogram of the relative abundance of bacteria at the genus level (n = 6 mice per group). F Shannon and Chao1 indices. G Histogram of TMAO-producing bacteria (n = 6 mice per group). H Quantitative relative mRNA expression of TLR4 and NF-κB (n = 6 mice per group). *p < 0.05, #p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001. I Serum TNF-α concentration (n = 6 mice per group). J Analysis of serum TMAO concentration and correlation with urine ACR (n = 6 mice per group). K Serum of TMAO, urine KIM-1, and urine TMAO/creatinine concentration (n = 6 mice per group).

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