Fig. 1: Flow chart of the participants for the kidney dysfunction study.

Participants were selected from the Ansan and Ansung cohort of the KoGES study, starting with an initial pool of 10,030 individuals. Exclusions were made for missing dietary intake or serum creatinine data, history of CKD, extreme energy intake or BMI, and missing genotype data, resulting in a final sample of 8230 participants.