Table 2 Characteristics of participants by categories of dietary total antioxidant capacity (n = 1856).

From: The association of dietary total antioxidant capacity and gestational diabetes: a prospective cohort study from the Mothers and their children’s health (MATCH)

Pre-pregnancy characteristic

Quartile 1 (n = 465)

Quartile 2 (n = 462)

Quartile 3 (n = 461)

Quartile 4 (n = 468)

p

Age (year)a

32.61 ± 6.26

32.91 ± 6.02

33.36 ± 5.79

32.91 ± 5.91

0.307

Employmentb

 Housewife

442 (95.1)

427 (92.4)

419 (90.9)

429 (91.7)

0.087

 Employed

23 (4.9)

35 (7.6)

42 (9.1)

39 (8.3)

Education statusb

 Junior high school or lower

146 (31.5)

116 (25.2)

91 (19.9)

98 (20.9)

0.002

 Senior high school

191 (41.2)

208 (45.1)

218 (47.7)

226 (48.3)

 Undergraduate college or higher

127 (27.4)

137 (29.7)

148 (32.4)

144 (30.8)

 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)a

26.03 ± 8.55

26.27 ± 10.29

25.56 ± 4.69

25.96 ± 8.34

0.639

 Pre-pregnancy weighta

65.85 ± 13.97

65.24 ± 11.77

66.02 ± 12.19

66.08 ± 12.36

0.948

 Graviditya

1.11 ± 0.97

1.09 ± 1.11

1.13 ± 1.10

1.14 ± 1.13

0.900

 Paritya

0.85 ± 0.79

0.77 ± 0.79

0.82 ± 0.80

0.81 ± 0.87

0.528

 Live birtha

0.82 ± 0.78

0.72 ± 0.77

0.79 ± 0.77

0.79 ± 0.80

0.331

 Miscarriagea

0.03 ± 0.17

0.03 ± 0.17

0.03 ± 0.17

0.04 ± 0.21

0.708

Smokingb

 Current smoker

106 (22.8)

82 (17.7)

99 (21.5)

81 (17.3)

0.291

 Before smoker

17 (3.7)

26 (5.6)

20 (4.3)

28 (6.1)

 Passive smoker

20 (4.3)

30 (6.5)

16 (3.5)

27 (5.8)

 Non-smoker

323 (69.2)

324 (70.1)

326 (70.7)

332 (70.8)

 Waist circumference (cm)a

96.85 ± 12.51

97.56 ± 13.25

96.52 ± 12.94

96.88 ± 12.59

0.665

 Hip circumference (cm)a

106.66 ± 10.76

107.38 ± 10.66

107.27 ± 9.64

107.72 ± 9.53

0.587

 Waist/Hip ratioa

0.92 ± 0.09

0.92 ± 0.10

0.92 ± 0.08

0.91 ± 0.07

0.418

 Pre-existing hypertensionb

14 (3.1)

17 (3.7)

12 (2.6)

20 (4.3)

0.518

 Pre-existing diabetes b

50 (10.8)

53 (11.5)

45 (9.8)

41 (8.8)

0.540

 Pre-existing GDM b

28 (6.1)

25 (5.4)

39 (8.5)

29 (6.2)

0.256

 Family history of DM b

163 (35.1)

193 (41.8)

187 (40.7)

203 (43.4)

0.060

Dietary caloric intake (kcal/day) b

 ≤ 2300

318 (684)

232 (50.2)

149 (32.3)

94 (20.1)

<0.001

 > 2300

147 (31.6)

230 (49.8)

312 (67.7)

374 (79.9)

 Physical activity (MET-h/week) c

3,145 (1,548, 5,662)

2,680 (1,260, 4,667)

2,727 (1,284, 4,620)

2,752 (1,680, 4,801)

0.120

  1. BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus.
  2. aValues given as mean ± SD (standard deviation) and analysed by Independent t-test.
  3. bValues given as number (percentage) and analysed Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test.
  4. cValues given as median (IQR) and analysed by Independent t-test.
  5. Missing data: age, n = 10 (0.5%); occupation, n = 1 (0.1%); education, n = 7 (0.4%); smoking, n = 11 (0.6%); history of GDM, n = 1 (0.1%); family history of diabetes, n = 3 (0.2%); parity, n = 56 (3%); BMI, n = 28 (1.5%); dietary caloric intake, n = 4 (0.2%); physical activity, n = 83 (4.5%);
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