Table 1 Baseline characteristics of UK biobank participants with type 2 diabetes by glucosamine use.

From: Association of habitual glucosamine use with risk of microvascular complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study in UK biobank

Characteristics

Overall

Glucosamine non-user

Glucosamine user

P value

(n = 21171)

(n = 18092)

(n = 3079)

 

Mean (SD) age (years)

58.6 (7.5)

58.2 (7.6)

60.7 (6.3)

<0.001

Female

9144 (43.2)

7577 (41.9)

1567 (50.9)

<0.001

Race:

<0.001

 White European

18552 (87.6)

15787 (87.2)

2765 (89.8)

 

 Mixed

1132 (5.4)

1021 (5.6)

111 (3.6)

 

 South Asian

804 (3.8)

967 (3.9)

107 (3.5)

 

 Black

293 (1.4)

250 (1.4)

43 (1.4)

 

 Others

390 (1.8)

337 (1.9)

53 (1.7)

 

Mean (SD) body mass index

31.2 (5.9)

31.2 (5.9)

31.4 (5.6)

0.279

Physical activity (min/week):

<0.001

 <150

5524 (26.1)

4868 (26.9)

656 (21.3)

 

 ≥150

15647 (73.9)

13224 (73.1)

2423 (78.7)

 

Smoking status:

<0.001

 Current

2375 (11.2)

2154 (11.9)

221 (7.2)

 

 Former

8518 (40.2)

7106 (39.3)

1412 (45.8)

 

 Never

10278 (48.6)

8832 (48.8)

1446 (47.0)

 

Drinking status

<0.001

 Current

18008 (85.1)

15289 (84.5)

2719 (88.3)

 

 Former

1327 (6.3)

1177 (6.5)

150 (4.9)

 

 Never

1836 (8.6)

1626 (9.0)

210 (6.8)

 

Healthy diet

17431 (82.3)

14770 (81.6)

2661 (86.4)

<0.001

Disease history

 

 Hypertension

16617 (78.8)

14183 (78.4)

2434 (79.1)

0.425

 High cholesterol

13832 (65.3)

11789 (65.2)

2043 (66.4)

0.206

 Arthritis

2503 (11.8)

1830 (10.1)

673 (21.9)

<0.001

Drug use:

 Aspirin

8010 (37.8)

6805 (37.6)

1205 (39.1)

0.112

 Non-aspirin NSAID

2940 (13.9)

2343 (13.0)

597 (19.4)

<0.001

Supplement use:

 Vitamins

6081 (28.7)

4411 (24.4)

1670 (54.2)

<0.001

 Minerals and other dietary supplements

7220 (34.1)

5155 (28.5)

2065 (67.1)

<0.001

Diabetes medication use:

<0.001

 None

9129 (43.1)

7684 (42.5)

1445 (46.9)

 

 Only oral medication

9026 (42.6)

7786 (43.0)

1240 (40.3)

 

 Only insulin

1564 (7.4)

1349 (7.5)

215 (7.0)

 

 Insulin and oral medication

1452 (6.9)

1273 (7.0)

179 (5.8)

 

Mean (SD) HbA1c (mmol/mol)

52.6 (14.7)

52.9 (15.0)

51.2 (12.6)

<0.001

Mean (SD) diabetes duration (years)

6.4 (9.3)

6.5 (9.4)

6.0 (8.7)

0.004

  1. Values are numbers (%) unless stated otherwise.
  2. NSAID, non- steroidal anti- inflammatory drug; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c.
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