Table 2 Association of glucosamine supplement use with risk of microvascular complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes.

From: Association of habitual glucosamine use with risk of microvascular complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study in UK biobank

 

Glucosamine non-user

Glucosamine user

Composite microvascular complications

 Events, n (%)

3766 (20.8)

633 (20.5)

 Incidence rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI)

18.5 (17.9, 19.1)

18.0 (16.6, 19.4)

 Model 1 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.88 (0.80, 0.95)

 Model 2 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.86 (0.78, 0.94)

 Model 3 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.89 (0.81, 0.97)

Diabetic nephropathy

 Events, n (%)

1778 (9.8)

306 (9.9)

 Incidence rate per 1,000 person-years (95% CI)

8.3 (7.9, 8.7)

8.3 (7.4, 9.2)

 Model 1 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.86 (0.76, 0.97)

 Model 2 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.85 (0.74, 0.96)

 Model 3 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.87 (0.76, 0.98)

Diabetic retinopathy

 Events, n (%)

2057 (11.4)

344 (11.2)

 Incidence rate per 1,000 person-years (95% CI)

9.8 (9.4, 10.2)

9.5 (8.5, 10.5)

 Model 1 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.91 (0.81, 1.02)

 Model 2 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.91 (0.81, 1.03)

 Model 3 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.94 (0.83, 1.06)

Diabetic neuropathy

 Events, n (%)

720 (4.0)

111 (3.6)

 Incidence rate per 1,000 person-years (95% CI)

3.3 (3.1, 3.5)

2.9 (2.4, 3.4)

 Model 1 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.87 (0.71, 1.06)

 Model 2 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.83 (0.67, 1.02)

 Model 3 (HR, 95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.88 (0.71, 1.08)

  1. HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
  2. Model 1: age (continuous, years), sex (male, female), and race (white European, mixed, South Asian, black, others).
  3. Model 2: Model1 + body mass index (continuous), smoking status (never, former or current), drinking status (never, former or current), physical activity (<150 or ≥150 min/week), hypertension (yes or no), high cholesterol (yes or no), arthritis (yes or no), aspirin use (yes or no), non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (yes or no), vitamin supplement use (yes or no), mineral and other dietary supplement use (yes or no), and healthy diet (yes or no).
  4. Model 3: (main model): Model2 + diabetes duration (continuous, years), HbA1c (continuous, mmol/mol), and use of diabetes medication (none, only oral medication, only insulin, or insulin and oral medication).
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