Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and morphometric characteristics of 217 adults with treated HIV.
No diabetes (n = 88) | Prediabetes (n = 63) | Diabetes (n = 66) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age (yrs) | 47.2 ± 11.9 | 50.8 ± 12.1 | 56.3 ± 11.2 | <0.001 |
Sex is Male | 78 (88.6%) | 55 (87.3%) | 55 (83.3%) | 0.55 |
Race is Black | 42 (47.7%) | 31 (49.2%) | 32 (48.5%) | 0.45 |
HIV duration (yrs) | 14.5 ± 9.2 | 16.2 ± 9.3 | 18.2 ± 9.9 | 0.09 |
INSTI (current usage) | 70 (79.5%) | 50 (79.4%) | 54 (81.8%) | 0.67 |
Clinical biomarkers and cytokines | ||||
CD4 (count) | 774.5 ± 294.8 | 783.2 ± 319.4 | 857.2 ± 378.3 | 0.32 |
CD4 (%) | 35.1 ± 8.0 | 32.4 ± 10.1 | 36.8 ± 11.5 | 0.05 |
CD8 (count) | 852.5 ± 336.3 | 946.8 ± 441.5 | 854.5 ± 383.6 | 0.31 |
CD4:CD8 (ratio) | 1.00 ± 0.42 | 0.98 ± 0.57 | 1.27 ± 0.99 | 0.04 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 88.8 ± 6.9 | 110.2 ± 12.4 | 167.1 ± 72.1 | <0.001 |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 15.8 ± 15.8 | 36.1 ± 41.5 | 42.2 ± 27.8 | <0.001 |
C-Peptide (ng/mL) | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 2.1 | 4.6 ± 1.2 | 0.01 |
HOMA-IR (score) | 3.4 ± 3.2 | 9.8 ± 11.1 | 17.7 ± 15.9 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 173.0 ± 33.4 | 181.9 ± 40.2 | 166.9 ± 36.6 | 0.09 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 44.8 ± 15.6 | 43.6 ± 15.8 | 40.4 ± 10.3 | 0.17 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 106.3 ± 30.7 | 113.0 ± 39.7 | 95.5 ± 30.9 | 0.005 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 123.9 ± 68.5 | 154.6 ± 86.6 | 189.1 ± 163.9 | 0.003 |
TG/HDL (ratio) | 3.38 ± 2.95 | 4.09 ± 2.81 | 5.75 ± 9.34 | 0.005 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 3.5 ± 3.1 | 4.6 ± 5.3 | 6.6 ± 12.3 | 0.04 |
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 0.22 ± 0.09 | 0.27 ± 0.37 | 0.31 ± 0.10 | 0.27 |
IL-12p70 (pg/mL) | 0.28 ± 0.15 | 0.26 ± 0.19 | 0.29 ± 0.23 | 0.22 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.09 ± 0.88 | 1.29 ± 0.97 | 1.59 ± 1.01 | 0.01 |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | 6.27 ± 4.16 | 6.14 ± 3.62 | 7.17 ± 3.43 | 0.23 |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | 0.72 ± 1.71 | 0.69 ± 1.41 | 0.44 ± 0.36 | 0.17 |
INF-ɣ (pg/mL) | 9.92 ± 12.46 | 9.88 ± 13.09 | 9.45 ± 13.53 | 0.75 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1.42 ± 0.21 | 1.46 ± 0.54 | 1.49 ± 0.55 | 0.01 |
Body composition and morphometrics | ||||
Height (cm) | 175.5 ± 8.4 | 174.6 ± 8.9 | 174.4 ± 8.8 | 0.67 |
Weight (kg) | 93.6 ± 13.1 | 99.3 ± 20.2 | 103.8 ± 20.1 | 0.002 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.5 ± 6.6 | 32.5 ± 6.8 | 34.4 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 100.9 ± 13.4 | 107.1 ± 13.2 | 115.9 ± 13.8 | <0.001 |
Waist/hip (ratio) | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.07 | 1.02 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
SAT area (cm2) | 249.7 ± 111.9 | 271.5 ± 122.5 | 310.9 ± 170.5 | 0.03 |
SAT density (HU) | −101.4 ± 6.3 | −101.2 ± 5.0 | −98.9 ± 6.9 | 0.02 |
VAT area (cm2) | 185.9 ± 87.4 | 229.0 ± 97.4 | 280.5 ± 106.7 | <0.001 |
VAT density (HU) | −97.3 ± 6.8 | −98.2 ± 6.3 | −98.2 ± 3.7 | 0.32 |
VAT/SAT (ratio) | 0.89 ± 0.80 | 1.09 ± 0.89 | 1.22 ± 0.82 | 0.04 |
Skeletal muscle area (cm2) | 188.9 ± 33.5 | 191.6 ± 38.9 | 184.1 ± 34.8 | 0.51 |
Skeletal muscle density (HU) | 40.3 ± 5.3 | 38.1 ± 7.4 | 33.7 ± 7.2 | <0.001 |
Liver density (HU) | 59.3 ± 9.2 | 57.9 ± 9.2 | 53.5 ± 11.8 | 0.004 |
Pancreas density (HU) | 38.2 ± 11.8 | 38.5 ± 11.3 | 35.1 ± 11.3 | 0.03 |
