Table 1 Regulator proteins of RNA m5C methylation.
From: RNA m5C methylation in cancer: mechanisms and biological impact
Category | Regulator | Target RNA | Function | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Writers | NSUN1/NOP2 | 28S rRNA | Ribosomal biosynthesis | [30] |
NSUN2 | mRNA/circRNA/tRNA | Enhance mRNA stability and promote the nuclear output of mRNA | ||
NSUN3 | mt-tRNA | Affect mitochondrial translation and oxidative phosphorylation | [34] | |
NSUN4 | mt-mRNA/lncRNA | Stabilization of mtRNA by C1QBP/PNPase complex regulates mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming and antiviral immune response | [35] | |
NSUN5 | 28S rRNA | Regulate ribosomal biosynthesis and translation fidelity | ||
NSUN6 | tRNA/mRNA | Regulation of tRNA folding and its interaction with ribosomes, which affects translation efficiency, and regulation of mRNA stability and translation efficiency | ||
NSUN7 | eRNA | Enhance the stability of eRNA and promote its transcriptional activation | [43] | |
DNMT2 | tRNA-Asp (C38)/Viral RNA | Maintenance of translational fidelity and replication inhibition by methylated viral RNA | ||
Readers | ALYREF | mRNA | Promote the nucleoplasmic transport of mRNA | |
YBX1 | mRNA | Bind and stabilize the target mRNA, promote its translation or inhibit degradation | [48] | |
SRSF2 | mRNA | Regulate processes such as RNA splicing and the occurrence of leukemia | [49] | |
C1QBP | mt-RNA | Bind NSUN4-modified mtRNA to regulate mitochondrial RNA degradation and immune response balance. | [50] | |
MBD5 | mRNA | Mediates transcriptional silencing by linking RNA methylation to histone modifications via the PR-DUB complex. | [51] | |
FMRP | mRNA | Regulating mRNA translation and stability | ||
Erasers | ALKBH1 | tRNA/mRNA | Catalyze the oxidation of m5C to hm5C, regulate RNA stability, and participate in stress response and DNA damage repair. | |
TET1 | caRNA | Oxidized m5C is hm5C/f5C, which synergizes with ALKBH1 to regulate RNA epigenetic modifications and affect gene silencing. | ||
TET2 | caRNA | Synergizes with NSUN5 in glioma to oxidize m5C-modified RNA and activate anti-tumor immunity | [60] | |
TET3 | mRNA | Functions similar to TET1/2, may be involved in developmental regulation and RNA metabolism, the specific mechanism needs to be further investigated | [60] |
