Fig. 2: USP5 depletion inhibits HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro.

A Western blot analysis demonstrating efficient USP5 knockdown in Huh7 and SK-Hep-1 cells transduced with two independent USP5-targeting shRNAs (shUSP5-1, shUSP5-2) compared to negative control shRNA (shNC). B Proliferation curves of control and USP5-knockdown cells measured by CCK-8 assay. C Colony formation ability following USP5 depletion. Left: Representative images of crystal violet-stained colonies. Right: Quantification of colony numbers. D Metastatic capacity following USP5 depletion was assessed by transwell assay. All data represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.