Table 3 Characteristics of study participants with ADHD by stimulant treatment status.
Variable | N | Stimulant-treated ADHD (N = 37; 33.3%) | Non-stimulant-treated ADHD (N = 74, 66.7%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic variables | ||||
Age, years | 111 | 9.6 (8.0, 10.8) | 9.0 (7.9, 10.2) | 0.14 |
Sex | 111 | 0.27 | ||
Boys | 26 (70.3) | 44 (59.5) | ||
Girls | 11 (29.7) | 30 (40.5) | ||
Socioeconomic status | 103 | 0.32 | ||
Low | 9 (27.3) | 26 (37.1) | ||
Medium-high | 24 (72.7) | 44 (62.9) | ||
Anthropometrics and daily nutritional intake | ||||
Body mass index z score, standard deviations | 93 | 0.18 (−1.57, 0.89) | 0.12 (−0.76, 1.24) | 0.48 |
Weight status | 93 | 0.88 | ||
Underweight | 1 (3.0) | 2 (3.3) | ||
Normal weight | 25 (75.8) | 40 (66.7) | ||
Overweight | 4 (12.1) | 11 (18.3) | ||
Obese | 3 (9.1) | 7 (11.7) | ||
Total energy intake, kcal/day | 111 | 1640.9 (1162.3, 1805.0) | 1613.6 (1244.6, 1934.3) | 0.38 |
Carbohydrates, % total energy | 111 | 52.8 (45.8, 58.9) | 52.7 (46.5, 58.3) | 0.96 |
Fat, % total energy | 111 | 31.6 (26.6, 36.2) | 30.7 (26.3, 36.2) | 0.62 |
Protein, % total energy | 111 | 14.4 (11.5, 19.1) | 15.3 (13.2, 17.9) | 0.36 |
Saturated fat, % total energy | 111 | 9.7 (8.3, 12.3) | 8.7 (6.5, 11.7) | 0.10 |
Sugars, % total energy | 111 | 17.1 (12.2, 21.2) | 16.4 (10.4, 20.6) | 0.75 |
Sodium, grams/1000 kcal/day | 111 | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) | 0.14 |
Dietary fiber, grams/1000 kcal/day | 111 | 8.5 (6.8, 11.1) | 9.3 (7.0, 11.2) | 0.78 |
Alpha-linolenic acid, grams/1000 kcal/day | 111 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.24 |
Health behaviors | ||||
Physical activity as recommended, % | 111 | 18 (48.7) | 36 (48.7) | 1.00 |
Sleep duration as recommended, % | 110 | 29 (78.4) | 61 (83.6) | 0.51 |
Ultra-processed food variables | ||||
Ultra-processed food weight, grams/day | 111 | 408.0 (234.6, 570.0) | 411.5 (280.6, 606.0) | 0.37 |
Ultra-processed food weight, % total weight | 111 | 19.4 (9.6, 32.1) | 18.6 (13.7, 31.9) | 0.70 |
Ultra-processed food energy, kcal/day | 111 | 706.8 (341.2, 925.3) | 725.6 (535.0, 1008.7) | 0.34 |
Ultra-processed food energy, % total energy | 111 | 44.0 ± 20.4 | 47.9 ± 18.3 | 0.18 |
Median categorization, ultra-processed food weight | 111 | 0.89 | ||
≤419.0 grams/day | 19 (51.4) | 37 (50.0) | ||
>419.0 grams/day | 18 (48.6) | 37 (50.0) | ||
Median categorization, ultra-processed food % total weight | 111 | 0.79 | ||
≤20.8% total weight | 18 (48.6) | 38 (51.4) | ||
>20.8% total weight | 19 (51.4) | 36 (48.6) | ||
