Table 2 Summary of interventions and dietary intake pre- and post-intervention in the included studies.

Baguley et al. [43]

Mediterranean diet: <10% total energy from saturated fat, 2 servings/d fruit, 5 servings/d vegetables, 30 g/d fibre, reduce or eliminate red/processed meats, 3 servings/week fish, 2 servings/d dairy, 1 serving/d nuts and seeds, ≤2 units alcohol/week; energy reduction if BMI ≥25 kg*m⁻².

Delivery: face-to-face 30–45-min nutrition consultations with a dietitian every 2 weeks to adjust diet to nutrient requirements and dietary preferences.

None

12 weeks

Usual care

Wollongong Dietary Inventory for the last month of intervention

I: 2462 (339)

C: 2328 (342)

I: 2046 (337)^a

C: 2366 (332)^b

I: 110 (16)

C: 106 (16)

I: 108 (16)^a

C: 107 (16)^b

Bourke et al. [39]

^cSame trial as Gilbert et al. [40] but different sample

Diet: reduction in dietary fat intake to approximately 25% of total energy intake, ≥5 servings/d fruit and vegetables, increased fibre consumption, decreased intake of refined carbohydrates and limiting alcohol intake to 1–2 units/d.

Delivery: nutrition advice pack provided to participants, small-group healthy-eating seminars lasting 15–20 min every 2 weeks.

Supervised and self-directed aerobic and resistance exercise

12 weeks

Usual care

3-day food diaries

I: 1957 (457)

C: 2012 (623)

I: 1669 (351)^a

C: 1983 (560)^a,c

I: 82 (19)

C: 80 (29)

I: 73 (15)^a

C: 75 (17)^a

Chaplow et al. [29]

Diet: reduction in energy intake by 500–1000 kcal/d; reduction in total fats to 25–30%, saturated fats to 7% and protein to 15% of total calories; 5 servings/d fruit and vegetables; ≥3 servings/d of whole grains and a gradual increase to ≥25 g/d fibre.

Delivery: counselling sessions with a registered dietitian (8x group-mediated, 2x via phone calls).

Supervised aerobic and resistance exercise

12 weeks

Written dietary and exercise advice; 20-min phone contact with study staff every 2 weeks

No assessment

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Dalla Via et al. [31]

Supplement: 25 g/d of whey protein (not specified) containing 2.4 g leucine, plus daily dosis of 1200 mg calcium carbonate and 1000 IU vitamin D.

Delivery: daily ingestion in form of powder mixed with water.

Supervised and self-directed aerobic and resistance exercise

52 weeks

Usual care

No assessment

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Dawson et al. [44]

Supplement: 50 g/d of whey protein isolate (EnergyFirst^®, Manhattan Beach, CA) containing 225 kcal, 50 g protein (4-g leucine), 0 g fat, 7.5 g carbohydrate.

Delivery: daily supplement consumed in 2 doses of 25 g each.

Supervised resistance exercise

12 weeks

Home-based flexibility program

3-day food diary

I: 1976 (708)

C: 1561 (284)

I: 2062 (753)^b

C: 1624 (330)^b

I: 94 (34)

C: 77 (31)

I: 118 (30)^b

C: 88 (34)^b,c

Freedland et al. [30]

Low-carbohydrate diet: carbohydrate intake ≤20 g/d; a list of low-carbohydrate foods to choose from, a list of moderate/high carbohydrate foods to limit, sample menus and recipes were provided.

Delivery: counselling with a dietitian in person or by phone weekly for months 0–3 and every 2 weeks thereafter.

Instructions to walk ≥30 min/d for ≥5 d/week

24 weeks

Usual care

3-day food diary

I: 2212 (1850, 2616)

C: 1728 (1482, 2554)

I: 1698 (1428, 1958)^a

C: 1633 (1404, 2304)^a

I: 96 (74, 128)

C: 80 (53, 87)

I: 116 (84, 147)^b

C: 74 (58, 100)^a,c

Gilbert et al. [40]

*Same trial as Bourke et al. [39] but different sample

Diet: reduction in dietary fat intake to approximately 25% of total energy intake, ≥5 servings/d fruit and vegetables, increased fibre consumption, decreased intake of refined carbohydrates and limiting alcohol intake to 1–2 units/d.

Delivery: nutrition advice pack provided to participants, small-group healthy-eating seminars lasting 15–20 min every 2 weeks.

Supervised and self-directed aerobic and resistance exercise

12 weeks

Usual care

3-day food diary

I: 1944 (487)

C: 2084 (542)

I: 1870 (392)^a

C: 1931 (554)^a

I: 81 (29)

C: 81 (20)

I: 80 (20)^a

C: 81 (25)^a

Inglis et al. [46]

Supplement: high-dose vitamin D3 with 50,000 IU/week plus daily multi-vitamin with 600 IU/d vitamin D, 210 mg/d calcium and 800 mg/d calcium supplements.

Delivery: not reported.

None

24 weeks

Low-dose vitamin D3 with placebo plus daily multi-vitamin identical to intervention

No assessment

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Nobes et al. [41]

Diet: advice for low-glycaemic index diet, no further information specified; plus daily administration of 850–1700 mg metformin.

Delivery: comprehensive guidebook.

Individually tailored instructions for regular aerobic exercise

24 weeks

Usual care

Diary of intervention compliance

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

O’Neill et al. [42]

Diet: UK healthy-eating guidelines; ≥5 servings/d vegetables and fruits; 30–35% of total energy from fat, <10% energy from saturated fat; 10% of energy from polyunsaturated fat; 25–35 g/d fibre; ≤28 units/week alcohol; limit processed meats and foods high in salt and/or sugar; calorie reduction for overweight participants.

Delivery: individually tailored dietary guidebook, phone contact every 2 weeks for months 0–3 and every 3 weeks thereafter.

Instructions to walk for ≥30 min/d for ≥5 d/week with a pedometer provided to track step counts

24 weeks

Usual care

7-day food diary

I: 2272 (521)

C: 2128 (376)

I: 1889 (419)^a

C: 2017 (476)^a,c

I: 89 (17)

C: 85 (18)

I: 84 (18)^a

C: 83 (22)^a

Sharma et al. [45]

Supplement: 20 g/d of soy protein powder (Revival^®, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Kernersville, NC) containing 160 mg of total isoflavones (64 mg genistein, 63 mg daidzein and 34 mg glycitein).

Delivery: daily ingestion of powder mixed with beverages.

None

12 weeks

Placebo: 20 g/d whole milk protein powder with similar nutrient content except isoflavones

No assessment

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported