Fig. 3
From: Viral oncogenesis in cancer: from mechanisms to therapeutics
An overview of viral oncogenic mechanisms. Oncoviruses induce cellular transformation by hijacking the homeostasis of host cells. The specific mechanisms include: oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inhibition; induction of genomic instability; interfering with cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis; immunosuppression and immune evasion; chronic inflammation stimulation; extracellular matrix remodeling; inducing angiogenesis; metabolic reprogramming. These mechanisms work together to drive tumor formation and metastatic spread. Red text: direct oncogenesis; Blue text: indirect oncogenesis. This figure was created with BioRender.com
