Fig. 6 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 6

From: Personalized pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic guided therapy via an induced pluripotent stem cell–derived multi-organoid platform in NF1-mutant breast cancer

Fig. 6

NOCS platform for personalized PK/PD evaluation. a Schematic of NOCS for personalized therapeutic applications, integrating intestine, liver, and kidney organoids to model drug absorption, metabolism, and reabsorption. Patient-derived normal and tumor cells enable personalized medicine studies. b Experimental setup, showing the multi-insert dish within a controlled environment, connected to reservoirs for fresh medium supply and waste collection. Piezoelectric pump and load cell sensors automate fluid flow control. c Microfluidic chamber layout and system configuration, illustrating the modular design of the multi-organ system for organoid culture. d Organoid cultures of intestine, liver, and kidney derived from normal iPSCs. Representative images showing morphological changes of organoids at day 0 and day 4. e Comparative PK analysis of drug absorption, metabolism, and reabsorption in closed and semi-open systems. Drug concentration-time profiles via LC-MS/MS show PK variations across conditions. All schematic illustrations in Fig. 6 were created using BioRender

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