Fig. 3: The association between SSRS and mental health problems.

Forest plot depicting results from regression modelling of the association between the SSRS and (A) cognition ability, (B) sleep problem, (C) psychotic-like symptoms, and (D) behavioral problems. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race, and family income. P for trend shows results within the non-ASD groups. The non-ASD children were categorized into four groups according to the 33, 66, and 95 percentiles of their SSRS score (herein referred to as Q1, Q2, Q3, and the top 5%), where higher score indicated more prominent autistic-like traits. Children with ASD were classified as a distinct group. CBCL child behavior checklist, SDSC sleep disturbance scale for children, PQ-BC prodromal questionnaire - brief child version, ASD autism spectrum disorder, SSRS short social responsiveness scale, N number, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, OR odds ratio.