Table 3 Neurocognitive outcomes from non-randomized studies.

From: Effect of Alzheimer’s disease medications on neurocognitive outcomes in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and low IQ: a scoping review

Study

Neurocognitive Domain

Assessment

Baseline

Endpoint

Week 0

≤4 Weeks

p

5–8 Weeks

p

>8 Weeks

p

Owley et al. [63]

Executive Function

ABC-Hyperactivity

22.2 (8.7)

  

11.0 (12.3)

<0.001***

  
 

Language

EOWPVT/DAS Naming subtest

59.2 (32.9)

  

61.4 (36.8)

>0.05

  
  

PPVT-III/DAS

49.8 (27.0)

  

51.8 (34.4)

>0.05

  
 

Learning and Memory

CMS-DLS

8.1 (3.5)

  

10.9 (4.0)

<0.05*

  
 

General Cognitive Ability

RM/MSEL

89.9 (22.3)

  

94.8 (23.8)

>0.05

  

Erikson et al. [66]

Executive Function

ABC-Hyperactivity

23.17

    

16.33

<0.05*

Bouhadoun et al. [65]a

Complex Attention

Caregiver report

     

Improvements in attentiveness (N = 1)

 
 

Executive Function

Neuropsychological evaluation

     

Improvements in WM at 12 months posttreatment (N = 1)

 
 

Language

Clinical evaluation; caregiver report

     

Improvements in RL and EL abilities (N = 2)

 
 

Perceptual-Motor Function

Neuropsychological evaluation

     

Improvements in VS abilities at 12 months posttreatment (N = 1)

 

Hardan & Handen [64]

Executive Function

ABC-Hyperactivity

22.5 (6.48)

  

17.13 (6.10)

<0.05*

  

Chez et al. [67]

Complex Attention

CPRS

34.50 (12.30)

  

27.22 (11.82)

0.001***

28.28 (13.53)

0.005*

 

Language

EOWPVT

34.91 (33.61)

  

37.53 (35.12)

0.094

41.44 (36.74)

0.001***

  

ROWPVT

37.78 (29.70)

  

40.44 (26.75)

>0.05

39.53 (32.47)

>0.05

Chez et al. [68]

Language

CGI-I

 

70% improvementb

<0.001***

    

Nissenkorn et al. [69]

Language

CDI

     

Improvements in expressive language (N = 4)

<0.05*

 

Perceptual-Motor Function

CDI

     

Improvements in fine motor ability (N = 0)

>0.05

 

General Cognitive Ability

CDI

23.7 (18.3)

    

33.2 (18.8)

<0.05*

  

ABAS-II

46.2 (10.0)

    

47.0 (10.0)

>0.05

Cosme-Cruz et al. [70]

Language

Clinical evaluation; caregiver report

     

Improvements in expressive language (N = 1)

 
 

Perceptual-Motor Function

Clinical evaluation; caregiver report

     

Improvements in VS abilities (N = 1)

 
  1. ABC, aberrant behavior checklist; EOWPVT, expressive one word picture vocabulary test; DAS, differential abilities scales; RM, Ravens matrices; MSEL, Mullen scales of early learning; EOWPVT, expressive one word picture vocabulary test; PPVT, peabody picture vocabulary test; CMS-DLS, children’s memory scale dot location subscale; RL, receptive language; EL, expressive language; WM, working memory; VS, visuospatial; CGI-I, clinical global impression improvement scale; CPRS, Conners’ parent rating scale; CDI, child development inventory; ABAS-II, adaptive behavior assessment system-II.
  2. aThe data reported for Bouhadoun et al.’s [65] study are based on five participants with confirmed diagnoses of ASD. Three participants were not diagnosed with ASD and were excluded from the results.
  3. bPercentage of patients experiencing significant improvement as defined by receiving scores of very much improved or much improved on the CGI-I.
  4. *For comparison of treatment and control group, p-value < 0.05.
  5. ***For comparison of treatment and control group, p-value < 0.001.
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