Fig. 3: Gamma-band (32–40 Hz) spectral power analysis.

(A) Spectral topographies of baseline (T0), after-treatment (T1), and the difference before and after treatment (T1–T0) in the active (N = 13) and sham (N = 12) groups. (B) Gamma power differences (Post–Pre intervention) between the active and sham groups. Left panel: significant channels and frequency bins identified by cluster permutation t-test between two groups. The significant channels and frequency bins were highlighted. Middle panel: Spectral topography of group differences in gamma power with t values assessed by independent t-test between active and sham groups. Marked sensors belong to significant clusters identified by the cluster permutation t-test (p < 0.05). Right panel: Mean gamma power differences over the marked sensors compared by independent t-test between two groups. * p < 0.05. Timepoints: baseline (T0) and after-treatment (T1).