Table 10 Characteristics of studies addressing monomeric eluates and polymer NMPs from waste landfills
From: Polymer waste and pollution in oral healthcare clinics: a systematic review
Study | Setting | Participants & sample size | Intervention | Analysis | Time | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mulligan et al. [47] | standardised procedure in a simulated environment | Sample n, no information | Particulate RBCx2 (Direct place & CADCAM) x2 (commercial & in-house control) added to tap water -> aged 12 months | Scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction particle size analysis, micro-Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and potentiometric titration. | 0, 12 months | Particle size + Specific surface area (m²/kg) + pH of zero proton charge (pHzpc) |
Martin et al. [46] | standardised procedure in a simulated environment | Sample n, no information | Polymerised RBCx2 (commercially available or in-house control) was added to artificial saliva at 35°C -> placed in groundwater at 10°C for 12 months. | Solid phase micro-extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography | 0, 1 month, 5, 10, 12 months | Eluted monomers: BPA, TEGDMA, UDMA, HEMA, Bis-GMA, (mg/L) |
Mulligan et al. [45] | standardised procedure in a simulated environment | Sample n, no information | Particulate RBCx2 (commercially available or in-house control) added to microcosms simulating environmental release scenarios including variable pH -> aged 3 months | Particle size analysis, Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy and potentiometry + solid phase micro-extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography | 0, 3 days, 3 months | Eluted monomers: BPA, TEGDMA, UDMA, HEMA, Bis-GMA (μg/L) + Protonation-deprotonation behaviour |
Falyouna et al. [44] | standardised procedure in a simulated environment | 126 samples | Polymerised RBC (0.5 g) was added to sterilised & non-sterilised landfill leachate (14 mL), incubated at 35 °C | Solid phase micro-extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography + pH metre, gas chromatography, ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry | 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 days | Eluted monomers: BPA, TEGDMA, UDMA, HEMA, Bis-GMA (μg/L) + PH + concentration of methane, carbon dioxide, |
Mulligan et al. [43] | standardised procedure in a simulated environment | Sample n, no information | Unpolymerized & polymerised RBC x2 (commercially available or in-house control) added to sterilised & non-sterilised landfill leachate, incubated 35 °C -> Incineration ≈850 °C for 2 h, | Gases, ions and compounds quantified via solid phase micro-extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography + gas chromatography, ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry | up to 28 days | Eluted monomers: BPA, TEGDMA, UDMA, HEMA, Bis-GMA (μg/L) |
Mulligan et al. [42] | standardized procedure in a simulated environment | Sample n, no information | Particulate polymerised RBCx2 was added to tap water and sampled at regular intervals | Laser diffraction + high-performance liquid chromatography & solid phase micro-extraction, | up to 1 month | Particle size + Eluted monomers BPA, TEGDMA, UDMA, HEMA, Bis-GMA (ppb) |
